Nationalism is characterized by the belief that the nation-state is the highest form of political organization and that it should have sovereignty over its territory and people.

While economic interdependence can be a factor in shaping national identity, it is not a necessary or defining characteristic of nationalism.

Nationalism played a significant role in the unification of Germany and Italy, inspired revolutions against colonial rule, and fueled territorial expansion and imperialism in Europe during the 19th century.

Nationalism and the state have a complex and mutually reinforcing relationship. Nationalism provides the ideological justification for the existence of the state, while the state provides the institutional framework for the expression and promotion of nationalism.

Increased international cooperation and understanding is not a potential negative consequence of nationalism, but rather a potential positive outcome.

Civic nationalism is based on shared values and institutions, while ethnic nationalism is based on shared ethnicity and culture. Civic nationalism is more inclusive than ethnic nationalism, and ethnic nationalism is more likely to lead to conflict and violence.

The United States of America is an example of civic nationalism, as it is based on shared values and institutions, such as democracy, liberty, and equality, rather than on shared ethnicity or culture.

Germany under Adolf Hitler is an example of ethnic nationalism, as it was based on the belief in the superiority of the Aryan race and the need to create a racially pure German state.

Nationalism is a complex and dynamic force that is constantly evolving in response to changing political, economic, and social conditions.

Globalization and interdependence, migration and multiculturalism, and climate change and environmental degradation are all challenges facing nationalism in the 21st century.