In Vaisheshika philosophy, Shabda is considered to be a reliable source of knowledge, as it can convey information about objects and events that are beyond the reach of direct perception.

In Vaisheshika philosophy, Shabda is divided into two main categories: Laugika (conventional) and Alaukika (non-conventional). Laugika Shabda refers to words that have a conventional meaning, while Alaukika Shabda refers to words that have a non-conventional meaning, such as the Vedas.

Laugika Shabda, or conventional verbal testimony, is used to convey knowledge about objects and events that are beyond the reach of direct perception. For example, we can learn about the existence of distant countries and cultures through the testimony of travelers and historians.

Alaukika Shabda, or non-conventional verbal testimony, is used to convey knowledge about spiritual and metaphysical realities that are beyond the reach of direct perception and logical reasoning. For example, the Vedas are considered to be a source of Alaukika Shabda, as they contain knowledge about the nature of reality, the soul, and the divine.

According to Vaisheshika philosophy, Shabda, or verbal testimony, can be classified into three main categories based on its validity: Pramana (valid knowledge), Aprama (invalid knowledge), and Samshaya (doubt).

In Vaisheshika philosophy, Pramana refers to valid knowledge, while Aprama refers to invalid knowledge. Pramana is knowledge that is free from error and doubt, while Aprama is knowledge that is based on false or unreliable evidence.

According to Vaisheshika philosophy, there are four types of Pramana, or valid knowledge: Perception, Inference, Comparison, and Testimony. Perception is direct knowledge of an object through the senses, Inference is knowledge derived from a logical connection between two or more facts, Comparison is knowledge derived from the similarity between two or more objects, and Testimony is knowledge derived from the statements of a reliable source.

In Vaisheshika philosophy, Testimony, or Shabda, is considered to be a reliable source of valid knowledge, as it can convey information about objects and events that are beyond the reach of direct perception. For example, we can learn about the existence of distant countries and cultures through the testimony of travelers and historians.

In Vaisheshika philosophy, Testimony, or Shabda, is divided into two main categories: Laugika (conventional) and Alaukika (non-conventional). Laugika Shabda refers to words that have a conventional meaning, while Alaukika Shabda refers to words that have a non-conventional meaning, such as the Vedas.

Laugika Shabda, or conventional testimony, is used to convey knowledge about objects and events that are beyond the reach of direct perception. For example, we can learn about the existence of distant countries and cultures through the testimony of travelers and historians.

Alaukika Shabda, or non-conventional testimony, is used to convey knowledge about spiritual and metaphysical realities that are beyond the reach of direct perception and logical reasoning. For example, the Vedas are considered to be a source of Alaukika Shabda, as they contain knowledge about the nature of reality, the soul, and the divine.

In Vaisheshika philosophy, Shabda is considered to be a reliable source of knowledge, as it can convey information about objects and events that are beyond the reach of direct perception.

In Vaisheshika philosophy, Shabda is divided into two main categories: Laugika (conventional) and Alaukika (non-conventional). Laugika Shabda refers to words that have a conventional meaning, while Alaukika Shabda refers to words that have a non-conventional meaning, such as the Vedas.

Laugika Shabda, or conventional verbal testimony, is used to convey knowledge about objects and events that are beyond the reach of direct perception. For example, we can learn about the existence of distant countries and cultures through the testimony of travelers and historians.

Alaukika Shabda, or non-conventional verbal testimony, is used to convey knowledge about spiritual and metaphysical realities that are beyond the reach of direct perception and logical reasoning. For example, the Vedas are considered to be a source of Alaukika Shabda, as they contain knowledge about the nature of reality, the soul, and the divine.