Urban economics focuses on the economic aspects of urban areas, including land use, housing, transportation, and local government.

The monocentric city model, proposed by economist William Alonso, suggests that cities form around a single center, such as a central business district, due to the benefits of agglomeration, such as reduced transportation costs and access to a larger labor pool.

Urbanization refers to the movement of people from rural areas to urban areas, resulting in the growth of cities and towns.

Enterprise zones are designated areas within urban areas that offer tax incentives and other benefits to businesses to encourage investment and job creation.

Adaptive reuse refers to the process of converting existing buildings, often non-residential ones, into new uses, such as residential units, to revitalize urban areas.

The concentric zone model, proposed by sociologist Ernest Burgess, suggests that cities grow in a series of concentric rings, with different land uses occupying each ring, such as the central business district, the residential zone, and the industrial zone.

Gentrification refers to the process by which wealthy individuals and businesses move into a previously low-income neighborhood, leading to increased property values and displacement of existing residents.

Transportation demand management (TDM) aims to reduce traffic congestion and promote alternative modes of transportation, such as public transit and cycling, through strategies like carpooling, flexible work hours, and congestion pricing.

Zoning refers to the practice of restricting the use of land to specific purposes, such as residential, commercial, or industrial, to regulate land use and development.

The sector model, proposed by economist Homer Hoyt, suggests that cities grow in a series of sectors, with different land uses occupying each sector, such as the industrial sector, the commercial sector, and the residential sector.

Redlining refers to the practice of denying mortgages or insurance to individuals or neighborhoods based on race or ethnicity, leading to segregation and disinvestment in certain areas.

Smart growth aims to promote sustainable urban development by encouraging compact, mixed-use, and transit-oriented communities, reducing sprawl and promoting walkability and public transportation.

Suburbanization refers to the process by which people move from urban areas to suburban areas, often due to factors such as lower housing costs, more space, and better schools.

Urban renewal aims to revitalize distressed urban areas by demolishing and rebuilding existing structures, often leading to displacement of residents and gentrification.

Conurbation refers to the process by which cities expand and merge with their surrounding suburbs, forming a continuous urban area.