Nicolaus Copernicus was a Polish mathematician and astronomer who developed the heliocentric model of the universe, which placed the Sun, not the Earth, at the center of the universe.

Galileo Galilei was an Italian astronomer, physicist, and engineer who made the first telescopic observations of the moons of Jupiter in 1610.

Johannes Kepler was a German astronomer and mathematician who discovered the laws of planetary motion in the early 17th century.

Isaac Newton was an English mathematician and physicist who developed the theory of universal gravitation in the late 17th century.

Edwin Hubble was an American astronomer who made the first observations of the expansion of the universe in the 1920s.

Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz were Swiss astronomers who discovered the first exoplanet, 51 Pegasi b, in 1995.

Georges Lemaître was a Belgian astronomer and priest who proposed the Big Bang theory in the 1920s.

Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson were American astronomers who discovered the cosmic microwave background radiation in 1965.

Fritz Zwicky was a Swiss astronomer who first proposed the existence of dark matter in the 1930s.

John Wheeler and Kip Thorne were American astronomers who first proposed the existence of black holes in the 1960s.

Hugh Everett was an American physicist who first proposed the multiverse theory in the 1950s.

The LIGO Scientific Collaboration is a group of scientists who discovered the first gravitational wave in 2015.

The Supernova Cosmology Project is a group of scientists who first proposed the existence of dark energy in the 1990s.

Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz were Swiss astronomers who discovered the first planet outside our solar system, 51 Pegasi b, in 1995.

The String Theory Group is a group of scientists who first proposed the string theory in the 1980s.