The astrolabe was a versatile instrument used by astronomers and navigators to measure the altitude of celestial bodies, determine the time of day or night, and solve various astronomical problems.

The Yantra Raj Yantra was an astronomical instrument designed to accurately predict the occurrence of eclipses and other celestial events.

Aryabhata, a renowned mathematician and astronomer, is widely recognized for introducing the concept of zero and the decimal system in Indian mathematics.

The Lilavati, written by Bhaskara II, is a comprehensive treatise on algebra that covers various topics such as arithmetic, indeterminate equations, and quadratic equations.

The abacus, a simple yet powerful calculating tool, was widely used in ancient India for performing basic arithmetic operations.

Brahmagupta, a brilliant mathematician, is credited with discovering the Fibonacci sequence and the Pascal's triangle, centuries before they were known in Europe.

Srinivasa Ramanujan, a self-taught genius, made significant contributions to various branches of mathematics, including calculus, where he discovered the mean value theorem independently.

The Surya Siddhanta is an important astronomical text that covers topics such as planetary motion, eclipses, and the calculation of time.

The quadrant, a quarter-circle shaped instrument, was used for measuring angles and distances in astronomy and surveying.

Brahmagupta was the first mathematician to systematically study negative numbers and develop a method for solving quadratic equations.

The compass, a navigational instrument, was used by Indian sailors and travelers to determine the direction of Mecca and navigate long distances.

The Ganita Sara Sangraha is a comprehensive treatise on number theory that covers topics such as prime numbers, factorization, and Diophantine equations.

Ancient Indian mathematicians used measuring rods to accurately determine the circumference of the Earth, demonstrating their remarkable skills in surveying and measurement.

Aryabhata made significant contributions to mathematics, including the discovery of irrational numbers and the development of the Pythagorean theorem, which he referred to as the 'Sulba Sutra'.

The astrolabe was a sophisticated instrument used by astronomers and navigators to perform complex calculations related to the positions of celestial bodies and the time of day.