The 'art for art's sake' philosophy emphasizes the intrinsic value of art, asserting that its primary purpose is to create beauty and aesthetic pleasure, rather than serving any didactic or utilitarian function.

Objectivism maintains that beauty is an objective property that exists independently of the observer's perception. It asserts that certain objects possess inherent qualities that make them aesthetically pleasing.

Subjectivism asserts that beauty is a subjective experience, determined by the individual's personal preferences, emotions, and associations. It rejects the notion of objective standards of beauty.

Relativism acknowledges that aesthetic judgments are influenced by cultural, historical, and social factors. It asserts that beauty is not an absolute concept but rather varies across different cultures and time periods.

The 'golden ratio' (approximately 1.618) is a mathematical proportion often found in nature and art. It is believed to possess inherent aesthetic qualities and has been used by artists throughout history to create visually pleasing compositions.

Dadaism was an artistic movement that emerged in the early 20th century. It rejected traditional notions of beauty and sought to challenge conventional aesthetic standards by creating anti-art and nonsensical works that questioned the very nature of art itself.

Aesthetic appreciation refers to the emotional response and enjoyment derived from experiencing a work of art. It encompasses feelings of pleasure, awe, admiration, and contemplation.

Wabi-sabi is a Japanese aesthetic concept that embraces the beauty of imperfection, impermanence, and asymmetry. It finds beauty in the natural, simple, and rustic, appreciating the unique characteristics and flaws that make an object unique.

Unity refers to the harmonious relationship between the elements of a work of art, creating a sense of wholeness and coherence. It involves the effective use of composition, color, and form to achieve a unified visual experience.

Impressionism was an artistic movement that emerged in the late 19th century. It sought to capture the fleeting impressions of light and color in nature, emphasizing the subjective experience of the artist rather than objective reality.

Chiaroscuro is a technique used in art to create a sense of depth and drama through the use of contrasting light and dark areas. It involves the skillful manipulation of light and shadow to highlight certain elements of the composition and create a sense of three-dimensionality.

Universalism posits that beauty is a universal and objective quality that can be rationally apprehended. It asserts that there are certain objective standards of beauty that are shared by all humans, regardless of cultural or historical differences.

The sublime is an aesthetic concept that refers to the emotional response elicited by a work of art that is characterized by a sense of awe, wonder, and transcendence. It involves feelings of vastness, power, and the overwhelming grandeur of nature or art.

Surrealism was an artistic movement that emerged in the early 20th century. It sought to break away from traditional forms of representation and explore the subconscious mind and dreams, creating works that juxtaposed disparate images and symbols to evoke a sense of mystery and wonder.

Balance refers to the harmonious relationship between the elements of a work of art, creating a sense of stability and equilibrium. It involves the effective distribution of visual weight and the arrangement of elements to achieve a sense of visual harmony.