Giambattista Vico is widely regarded as the father of the New Philosophy of History due to his groundbreaking work, 'The New Science', which challenged the prevailing view of history as a linear progression and emphasized the cyclical nature of human history.

Friedrich Hegel's philosophy of history is characterized by the concept of dialectical materialism, which posits that history progresses through a series of conflicts between opposing forces, resulting in a synthesis that represents a higher stage of development.

Karl Marx's theory of historical materialism emphasizes the role of economic factors, particularly the class struggle between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, as the primary driving force of historical change.

Auguste Comte, the founder of positivism, argued that history should be studied using scientific methods, emphasizing the importance of observation, experimentation, and the accumulation of empirical data.

Giambattista Vico's 'The New Science' argues that history is a cyclical process, with civilizations progressing through stages of birth, growth, maturity, and decline, before eventually returning to a primitive state.

Hegel's philosophy of history posits that the ultimate goal of historical development is the realization of the Absolute Spirit, a state of perfect knowledge and self-consciousness.

Karl Marx's theory of historical materialism emphasizes the role of class struggle as the driving force of history, arguing that the proletariat will ultimately overthrow the bourgeoisie and establish a classless society.

Auguste Comte coined the term 'sociology' to refer to the scientific study of society, emphasizing the importance of observation, experimentation, and the accumulation of empirical data.

Auguste Comte's philosophy of positivism emphasizes the role of scientific knowledge and technological progress as the driving forces of historical development.

Giambattista Vico's concept of the 'corsi and ricorsi' refers to the cyclical nature of history, with civilizations progressing through stages of birth, growth, maturity, and decline, before eventually returning to a primitive state.

Hegel's philosophy of history posits that great individuals are the embodiment of the Absolute Spirit, and their actions are guided by the unfolding of the dialectical process.

Karl Marx's theory of alienation argues that under capitalism, workers become alienated from the products of their labor, from their fellow workers, from their own human nature, and from the natural world.

Auguste Comte's philosophy of positivism posits that history progresses through three stages: the theological stage, the metaphysical stage, and the positive stage, with the positive stage being the final and most advanced stage characterized by scientific knowledge and industrial progress.

Max Weber's theory of disenchantment argues that the process of modernization leads to a decline in the belief in magic, religion, and other supernatural forces, and a corresponding increase in the rationalization of the world.

Giambattista Vico's philosophy of history posits that human history progresses through three stages: the age of gods, the age of heroes, and the age of men, with the age of gods being the primitive stage characterized by myth and superstition.