Behavior that violates social norms.

Behavior that is harmful to society.

Behavior that is illegal.

Behavior that is considered immoral.

Primary and secondary deviance.

Formal and informal deviance.

Individual and collective deviance.

Positive and negative deviance.

Formal social control is carried out by the government, while informal social control is carried out by individuals and groups.

Formal social control is carried out by the police, while informal social control is carried out by the family.

Formal social control is carried out by the courts, while informal social control is carried out by the media.

Formal social control is carried out by the military, while informal social control is carried out by religious institutions.

Laws, regulations, and policies.

Police, courts, and prisons.

The military.

Religious institutions.

Social norms, values, and expectations.

Family, friends, and peers.

The media.

Religious institutions.

By deterring people from engaging in deviant behavior.

By punishing people who engage in deviant behavior.

By rehabilitating people who have engaged in deviant behavior.

By all of the above.

The changing nature of society.

The increasing diversity of society.

The globalization of society.

All of the above.

By increasing the effectiveness of formal social control.

By increasing the effectiveness of informal social control.

By finding a balance between formal and informal social control.

All of the above.

Individuals have a responsibility to conform to social norms.

Individuals have a responsibility to challenge social norms that are unjust.

Individuals have a responsibility to do both of the above.

Individuals have no responsibility in social control.

The state has a responsibility to protect its citizens from harm.

The state has a responsibility to promote social order.

The state has a responsibility to do both of the above.

The state has no responsibility in social control.

Social deviance is a product of social control.

Social control is a product of social deviance.

Social deviance and social control are mutually reinforcing.

Social deviance and social control are independent of each other.

Strain theory.

Social learning theory.

Control theory.

All of the above.

Strain theory argues that deviance is caused by the gap between people's goals and their ability to achieve those goals.

Strain theory argues that deviance is caused by the conflict between different social norms.

Strain theory argues that deviance is caused by the lack of social control.

Strain theory argues that deviance is caused by all of the above.

Social learning theory argues that deviance is learned through interaction with others.

Social learning theory argues that deviance is caused by the conflict between different social norms.

Social learning theory argues that deviance is caused by the lack of social control.

Social learning theory argues that deviance is caused by all of the above.

Control theory argues that deviance is caused by the lack of social control.

Control theory argues that deviance is caused by the conflict between different social norms.

Control theory argues that deviance is caused by the gap between people's goals and their ability to achieve those goals.

Control theory argues that deviance is caused by all of the above.