Sugar, commonly known as sucrose, has the chemical formula C12H22O11.

Sugarcane is the primary natural source of sugar, accounting for approximately 70% of global sugar production.

The process of extracting sugar from sugarcane begins with milling, where the sugarcane stalks are crushed to extract the juice.

Refined sugar primarily consists of sucrose, a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose.

Granulated sugar, also known as white sugar, is the most common type of sugar used in baking due to its fine texture and consistent results.

Sugar plays a crucial role in caramelization, a process that involves heating sugar to a high temperature, resulting in a brown color and a distinctive flavor.

Caster sugar, also known as superfine sugar, is often preferred in making meringues due to its fine texture, which helps in achieving stiff peaks and a smooth, glossy meringue.

Sugar plays a crucial role in promoting gelling in jams and jellies. The high sugar content helps in extracting pectin from fruits, which is responsible for the gel-like consistency.

Powdered sugar, also known as confectioners' sugar or icing sugar, is commonly used in making fondant due to its fine texture and ability to create a smooth, pliable consistency.

Decolorization is a crucial step in the sugar refining process, where activated carbon is used to remove impurities and undesirable color from the sugar solution.

Granulated sugar is commonly used in making cotton candy due to its fine texture and ability to create a light and fluffy consistency.

Sugar plays a crucial role in fermentation, a process where yeast converts sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide. The sugar provides the necessary energy for the yeast to thrive and produce these byproducts.

Granulated sugar is commonly used in making caramel sauce due to its ability to caramelize evenly and create a smooth, rich sauce.

Fermentation is the process of converting sugar into alcohol, typically through the action of yeast or bacteria. This process is commonly used in the production of alcoholic beverages, such as beer, wine, and spirits.

Powdered sugar, also known as confectioners' sugar or icing sugar, is commonly used in making royal icing due to its fine texture and ability to create a smooth, glossy finish.