Site characterization is conducted to gather information about the subsurface conditions at a site, which is essential for determining whether the site is suitable for the intended development and to design and construct geotechnical structures that are safe and reliable.

Standard Penetration Test (SPT), Cone Penetration Test (CPT), Borings and Soil Sampling, and Geophysical Surveys are all commonly used methods for subsurface exploration during site characterization.

Grain size analysis is conducted to determine the distribution of particle sizes in a soil sample, which is essential for soil texture and classification. It provides information about the relative proportions of sand, silt, and clay particles in the soil.

The Atterberg Limits test is used to determine the soil's plasticity and consistency by measuring the water content at which the soil transitions from a solid to a plastic state (plastic limit) and from a plastic to a liquid state (liquid limit).

The compaction test is conducted to determine the soil's maximum dry density and optimum moisture content, which are important parameters for controlling the soil's compaction during construction.

Shear strength is the resistance of a soil to deformation under applied stress. It is a crucial parameter for evaluating the stability of geotechnical structures, such as foundations and slopes.

The shear strength of a soil is influenced by a combination of factors, including soil type and composition, density and void ratio, and moisture content and pore water pressure.

The consolidation test is conducted to determine the soil's compressibility and settlement characteristics, which are important for evaluating the potential settlement of structures founded on the soil.

Permeability is the ability of a soil to transmit water. It is a crucial parameter for assessing the drainage characteristics of a soil and for designing drainage systems.

The permeability of a soil is influenced by a combination of factors, including soil type and composition, density and void ratio, and moisture content and pore water pressure.

A groundwater investigation is conducted to determine the depth and elevation of the groundwater table, assess the groundwater flow direction and velocity, and evaluate the groundwater quality and contamination potential.

Considering environmental factors during site characterization is crucial for identifying potential environmental hazards and risks, assessing the impact of the proposed development on the environment, and complying with environmental regulations and guidelines.

Geotechnical engineers play a vital role in site characterization by planning and conducting subsurface exploration programs, interpreting and analyzing geotechnical data, and developing geotechnical recommendations for design and construction.

Updating site characterization information over time is important for accounting for changes in subsurface conditions, assessing the performance of geotechnical structures, and complying with changing regulations and guidelines.

Common challenges encountered during site characterization include limited access to the site, difficult subsurface conditions, and environmental constraints.