Hydrologic applications utilize data from various remote sensing platforms, including geostationary satellites, polar-orbiting satellites, and UAVs, each offering unique advantages for monitoring water resources.

Microwave remote sensing can penetrate clouds and vegetation, making it particularly useful for hydrologic applications in regions with frequent cloud cover or dense vegetation.

Microwave radiometry is a remote sensing technique that measures the natural microwave radiation emitted by the Earth's surface, providing valuable information about soil moisture content.

SAR is primarily used in hydrology for mapping surface water extent, as it can penetrate clouds and vegetation and provide high-resolution images of water bodies.

The Surface Energy Balance Index (SEBI) is a remote sensing index that estimates evapotranspiration by combining information on surface temperature, vegetation cover, and atmospheric conditions.

TIR imagery is primarily used in hydrology to measure surface temperature, which is valuable for studying water temperature, evapotranspiration, and land surface energy balance.

GRACE is a remote sensing mission that measures changes in Earth's gravity field, providing valuable information about groundwater storage and depletion.

VNIR imagery is primarily used in hydrology for estimating evapotranspiration, as it can provide information about vegetation cover and surface temperature.

Precipitation is measured using a combination of rain gauges, weather radar, and satellite-based precipitation estimates, each providing different spatial and temporal coverage.

Weather radar provides high temporal resolution precipitation estimates, allowing for real-time monitoring of rainfall events and flood forecasting.

Snow cover is monitored using a combination of VNIR, TIR, and SAR imagery, each providing different information about snow depth, extent, and properties.

Remote sensing is used in flood monitoring for mapping flood inundation extent, estimating flood water depth, and monitoring flood discharge, providing valuable information for disaster response and management.

SAR is commonly used to measure river discharge, as it can provide high-resolution images of river channels and estimate flow velocity.

Satellite-based precipitation estimates provide global coverage, allowing for monitoring of precipitation patterns and trends over large areas.

Water quality is monitored using a combination of VNIR, TIR, and hyperspectral imagery, each providing different information about water clarity, turbidity, and pollutant concentrations.