Jams and jellies are primarily made using fruits, as they contain the natural pectin necessary for gelling.

Jam contains whole or crushed fruit pieces, while jelly is made from fruit juice. Jam typically has a higher sugar content and a thicker consistency than jelly.

Pectin is a natural gelling agent found in fruits. It helps in thickening and solidifying the jam or jelly mixture.

Marmalade is a type of jam or jelly typically made using citrus fruits, particularly oranges.

The spoon test involves dropping a small amount of the jam or jelly mixture onto a cold spoon. If it wrinkles or forms a skin, it is ready.

Adding lemon juice or vinegar helps in adjusting the pH level of the jam or jelly, which is crucial for proper gelling and preventing spoilage.

White sugar is the most commonly used sweetener in jam and jelly making due to its high sucrose content and neutral flavor.

Jams and jellies can be stored in the refrigerator for short-term preservation, frozen for longer storage, or canned using proper techniques to ensure a shelf-stable product.

Vanilla extract, cinnamon, and nutmeg are among the common flavorings used to enhance the taste of jams and jellies.

A water bath canner is used to sterilize the jars and lids, create a vacuum seal, and prevent spoilage by heating the jars in boiling water.

Traditional fruit preserves involve cooking the fruit in a sugar syrup, often in a copper pot, and adding pectin to achieve the desired consistency.

Portugal is renowned for its traditional quince jelly, known as 'marmelada,' which is made using quince fruit.

The 'pectin test' is performed to check the readiness of the jam or jelly by observing the formation of a gel when a small amount of the mixture is dropped onto a cold plate.

Conserve is a type of jam that is known for its smooth, spreadable texture and intense fruit flavor. It typically contains whole or crushed fruit pieces and a higher proportion of sugar compared to other jams.

Fruit butter is traditionally made by simmering the fruit in a sugar syrup until it reaches a thick, spreadable consistency. This process intensifies the fruit's flavor and creates a smooth, rich texture.