Fiscal policy, which involves government spending and taxation, is not an instrument of monetary policy. Monetary policy is conducted by central banks to manage the money supply and interest rates.

Monetary policy aims to achieve multiple objectives, including price stability, economic growth, and full employment. Central banks use various instruments to influence these objectives.

Open market operations involve buying and selling government securities in the open market to influence the money supply and interest rates.

Increasing the bank rate makes it more expensive for banks to borrow money from the central bank, which in turn increases the cost of borrowing for businesses and consumers.

Quantitative easing involves the central bank purchasing large quantities of financial assets, such as government bonds, to increase the money supply and stimulate economic activity.

Reserve requirement refers to the minimum amount of reserves that banks are required to hold against their deposits.

The marginal lending facility allows banks to borrow money from the central bank at a higher interest rate than the bank rate, typically for short-term periods.

Foreign exchange intervention involves buying or selling foreign currencies to influence the exchange rate.

Increasing the reserve requirement reduces the amount of money that banks can lend out, thereby decreasing the money supply.

Forward guidance involves the central bank communicating its intentions regarding future interest rate decisions to influence market expectations.

Quantitative tightening involves the central bank selling financial assets to reduce the money supply and curb inflation.

The bank rate is the interest rate at which the central bank lends money to banks, which in turn influences the cost of borrowing for businesses and consumers.

Decreasing the reserve requirement allows banks to lend out more money, thereby increasing the money supply.

Repo operations involve the central bank buying or selling government securities under an agreement to repurchase or resell them at a specified price and date, influencing the liquidity of the banking system.

The standing deposit facility allows banks to deposit excess reserves with the central bank at a predetermined interest rate.