The Upanishads, part of the Vedas, are revered as the philosophical core of Hinduism, delving into the nature of reality, consciousness, and the self.

Brahman, in ancient Indian thought, encompasses the Absolute Reality, the Supreme Being, and the Universal Soul, representing the fundamental unity underlying all existence.

Adi Shankara, a prominent philosopher of the Advaita Vedanta school, propounded the concept of Maya, asserting that the world we perceive is an illusion veiling the true reality of Brahman.

The Bhagavad Gita is embedded within the epic narrative of the Mahabharata, a grand tale of war, duty, and dharma, where Lord Krishna imparts profound philosophical teachings to Arjuna.

The Dhammapada, a collection of Buddhist teachings, delves into the concept of karma, emphasizing the moral consequences of one's actions and the significance of ethical conduct.

Jainism, an ancient Indian philosophy and religion, traces its origins to the teachings of Mahavira, who propounded the principles of non-violence, non-possessiveness, and non-absolutism.

Tirukkural, a renowned work of ancient Tamil literature, is attributed to the sage Tiruvalluvar, who imparted profound moral and ethical teachings through concise couplets.

Ramanuja, a prominent philosopher of the Vishishtadvaita school, propounded the concept of Bhedabheda, asserting that the individual soul is both distinct from and inseparable from the Supreme Soul.

Panchatantra, an ancient Indian collection of fables, is renowned for its didactic purpose, employing engaging stories to impart moral lessons and practical wisdom.

Moksha, a central concept in ancient Indian philosophy, encompasses liberation from the cycle of rebirth, attainment of supreme knowledge, and union with the Divine, representing the ultimate goal of spiritual realization.

Kalidasa's plays, such as 'Shakuntala' and 'Vikramorvashiyam', are celebrated for their literary brilliance, philosophical depth, and exploration of human emotions and relationships.

Arthashastra, attributed to Kautilya, is an ancient Indian treatise that encompasses political science, economics, military strategy, and statecraft, providing insights into ancient Indian governance and administration.

Madhvacharya, a prominent philosopher of the Dvaita school, asserted the fundamental difference between the individual soul and the Supreme Soul, emphasizing their distinct identities.

Tirukkural, a revered work of ancient Indian literature, is composed in the Tamil language, showcasing the richness and depth of Tamil literary tradition.

The Dhammapada, a collection of Buddhist teachings, delves into the concept of Anicca, emphasizing the transient and impermanent nature of all phenomena.