Realism, particularly classical realism, emphasizes the importance of controlling key geographic regions, such as chokepoints, natural resources, and strategic territories, to gain power and influence in the international system.

The balance of power is a geopolitical strategy aimed at maintaining equilibrium among major powers to prevent conflict and ensure stability in the international system.

Idealism, also known as liberal internationalism, prioritizes the promotion of democracy, human rights, and international cooperation as guiding principles in foreign policy.

Spheres of influence are regions where a particular country exerts significant political, economic, and cultural influence, often through historical ties, military presence, or economic dominance.

Constructivism emphasizes the role of non-state actors, ideas, and norms in shaping international relations, arguing that these factors can influence state behavior and outcomes.

Soft power refers to the ability of a country to influence others through persuasion, attraction, and cultural appeal, rather than coercion or force.

Isolationism is a foreign policy approach that emphasizes non-intervention in the affairs of other countries and focuses on domestic concerns, such as economic development and national security.

Geopolitical pivot refers to a sudden shift in a country's foreign policy priorities and alliances, often in response to changing global circumstances or the emergence of new threats.

Liberalism, particularly economic liberalism, emphasizes the importance of economic interdependence and cooperation among nations, arguing that these factors promote peace and prosperity.

Grand strategy refers to a comprehensive and long-term plan for achieving national security objectives, encompassing political, military, economic, and diplomatic elements.

Interventionism is a foreign policy approach that emphasizes the use of military force or other forms of intervention to influence the affairs of other countries, often with the aim of promoting democracy, human rights, or other desired outcomes.

A buffer state is a country that separates two or more hostile powers and prevents conflict between them, often by acting as a neutral zone or a mediator.

Constructivism emphasizes the importance of cultural and civilizational factors, such as identity, values, and norms, in shaping international relations and state behavior.

A proxy war is a conflict in which two or more countries support opposing sides in a civil war or internal conflict, often using military aid, training, and other forms of assistance.

Realpolitik is a foreign policy approach that emphasizes the pursuit of national interests and power, often through pragmatic and opportunistic tactics, without regard for moral or ethical considerations.