Pepin the Short, also known as Pepin III, was the first Carolingian ruler. He was the son of Charles Martel, the Mayor of the Palace of the Frankish kingdom.

Charlemagne, also known as Charles the Great, is considered the most famous and powerful Carolingian ruler. He expanded the Frankish Empire to its greatest extent and was crowned Emperor of the Romans in 800 AD.

Aachen, located in present-day Germany, was the capital of the Carolingian Empire. It was Charlemagne's favorite residence and the site of his imperial court.

The coronation of Charlemagne as Emperor of the Romans in 800 AD is considered the beginning of the Carolingian Renaissance, a period of cultural and intellectual revival in Western Europe.

Louis the Pious, Charlemagne's son and successor, divided the empire among his three sons after his death in 840 AD. This division led to a series of civil wars and ultimately to the collapse of the Carolingian Empire.

The Treaty of Verdun, signed in 843 AD, formally divided the Carolingian Empire among the three sons of Louis the Pious: Lothair, Louis the German, and Charles the Bald.

Charles the Fat, also known as Charles III, was the last ruler of the Carolingian dynasty. He was deposed in 887 AD, marking the end of the Carolingian Empire.

Charlemagne is known for his reforms in education and the promotion of literacy. He established schools and libraries throughout his empire and encouraged the study of the liberal arts.

Einhard was Charlemagne's biographer. He wrote the Vita Karoli Magni, a detailed account of Charlemagne's life and reign.

Louis the Pious is known for his piety and his attempts to reform the Church. He issued a series of capitularies, or laws, aimed at improving the moral and spiritual conduct of the clergy.

The Carolingian Empire was divided into administrative divisions known as counties, marches, and duchies. Counties were the smallest division, followed by marches, which were border regions, and duchies, which were larger administrative units.

Charles the Bald is known for his military campaigns against the Vikings. He successfully defended his kingdom against Viking raids and invasions.

Latin was the official language of the Carolingian Empire. It was used in government, law, and education.

Charlemagne is known for his patronage of art and architecture. He commissioned the construction of many churches, palaces, and other buildings throughout his empire.

The Carolingian Empire's monetary system was based on the silver standard. The main unit of currency was the denarius, a silver coin.