Lithium-ion batteries are the most widely used energy storage technology in electric vehicles due to their high energy density, long lifespan, and fast charging capabilities.

Fuel cells have the advantage of being able to generate electricity from a variety of fuels, including hydrogen, natural gas, and methanol, providing greater flexibility in fuel choice.

Parallel hybrid vehicles combine a gasoline engine with an electric motor and battery, allowing both the engine and the electric motor to power the vehicle independently or simultaneously.

Metal hydride batteries are commonly used in hydrogen fuel cell vehicles to store hydrogen gas, which is then used to generate electricity in the fuel cell.

Regenerative braking in electric vehicles captures energy during braking and converts it back into electricity, which is stored in the battery, extending the vehicle's range.

Flow batteries are known for their long lifespan and high energy density, making them suitable for large-scale energy storage applications.

Solid-state batteries have the potential to offer higher energy density compared to conventional lithium-ion batteries, enabling longer driving ranges for electric vehicles.

Series hybrid vehicles use an electric motor to power the vehicle at low speeds and a gasoline engine to generate electricity for the electric motor at higher speeds.

The main challenge associated with the use of hydrogen fuel cells in transportation applications is the limited hydrogen infrastructure, which includes a lack of hydrogen fueling stations and production facilities.

Supercapacitors are known for their ability to provide fast charging and high power output, making them suitable for applications requiring rapid acceleration and deceleration.

Mild hybrid vehicles offer improved fuel efficiency over conventional gasoline-powered vehicles by utilizing an electric motor to assist the gasoline engine during acceleration and braking.

Power-split hybrid vehicles combine a gasoline engine with two electric motors, allowing for all-electric driving at low speeds and hybrid operation at higher speeds.

The main challenge associated with the use of sodium-ion batteries in electric vehicles is their lower energy density compared to lithium-ion batteries, resulting in shorter driving ranges.

Flow batteries are known for their ability to store large amounts of energy over long periods of time, making them suitable for grid-scale energy storage applications.

Fuel cell vehicles offer a longer driving range compared to electric vehicles due to the higher energy density of hydrogen fuel.