The Upanishads, a collection of philosophical and spiritual texts, are central to both Hinduism and Buddhism. They explore the nature of reality, the soul, and the path to liberation.

Karma, in Indian philosophy, refers to the belief that one's actions in this life determine their fate in the next. This idea is akin to the Western philosophical concept of determinism, which posits that events are causally determined by preceding events.

Moksha or nirvana, in Indian philosophy, refers to the ultimate goal of liberation from suffering and the cycle of rebirth. This concept is comparable to the Western philosophical idea of eudaimonia, which seeks to understand the nature of the good life and human flourishing.

The Samkhya school of Indian philosophy, with its emphasis on dualism and the separation of matter and consciousness, had a profound influence on the development of Stoicism in ancient Greece. Stoicism adopted the Samkhya's concept of apatheia, or freedom from emotional disturbance, as a central tenet.

Maya, in Indian philosophy, refers to the idea that the world we perceive is an illusion or a veil of ignorance. This concept is similar to the Western philosophical idea of illusionism, which posits that the world we experience is not real but rather a product of our minds.

The Bhagavad Gita, a sacred Hindu text, had a profound impact on the development of Transcendentalism in 19th-century America. Transcendentalists, such as Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau, were drawn to the Gita's emphasis on the divinity of the individual and the interconnectedness of all living beings.

Ahimsa, in Indian philosophy, emphasizes the principle of non-violence and compassion towards all living beings. This concept is akin to the Western ethical principle of the Golden Rule, which states that one should treat others the way they want to be treated.

The Yoga school of Indian philosophy, with its focus on self-realization and the exploration of consciousness, had a notable influence on the development of Existentialism in 20th-century Europe. Existentialists, such as Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus, were drawn to Yoga's emphasis on individual freedom and the search for meaning in a seemingly meaningless world.

Dharma, in Indian philosophy, refers to the universal moral order and the ethical principles that govern human conduct. This concept is comparable to the Western philosophical idea of Natural Law, which posits that there are certain moral principles that are inherent in nature and universally binding on all human beings.

The Upanishads, with their emphasis on the unity of all things and the divinity of nature, had a profound impact on the development of Romanticism in 19th-century Europe. Romantic poets and writers, such as William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, were drawn to the Upanishads' celebration of the natural world and the interconnectedness of all living beings.

Samsara, in Indian philosophy, refers to the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth. This concept is akin to the Western philosophical idea of reincarnation, which posits that the soul or consciousness of a deceased person is reborn in a new body.

The Nyaya school of Indian philosophy, with its emphasis on logic, reasoning, and epistemology, had a notable influence on the development of Pragmatism in 20th-century America. Pragmatists, such as William James and John Dewey, were drawn to Nyaya's focus on the practical consequences of beliefs and the importance of experience in shaping knowledge.

Atman, in Indian philosophy, refers to the true self or the essential nature of an individual. This concept is comparable to the Western philosophical idea of the soul, which is often seen as the immaterial and immortal part of a person.

The Upanishads, with their emphasis on the subjective experience of reality and the exploration of consciousness, had a profound impact on the development of Phenomenology in 20th-century Europe. Phenomenologists, such as Edmund Husserl and Martin Heidegger, were drawn to the Upanishads' focus on the lived experience and the importance of introspection in understanding the nature of reality.

Karma yoga, in Indian philosophy, refers to the path of selfless action and duty. This concept is akin to the Western philosophical idea of Virtue Ethics, which emphasizes the importance of developing and practicing virtues as a means of achieving a good and meaningful life.