Vulnerability geography aims to understand the underlying causes of vulnerability, such as poverty, inequality, lack of access to resources, and environmental degradation.

Social vulnerability refers to the characteristics of individuals and communities that make them more susceptible to harm from hazards. Strong social networks and community support can actually reduce vulnerability.

Resilience refers to the capacity of a system or community to absorb, adapt to, and recover from hazards without significant disruption.

Deforestation, urbanization, and industrialization can all lead to environmental degradation, which can increase vulnerability to hazards such as floods, droughts, and landslides.

Vulnerability geography provides valuable insights for policymakers and decision-makers to target interventions, allocate resources, and develop policies that aim to reduce vulnerability and promote resilience.

Remote sensing and GIS are commonly used in environmental geography, but they are not as widely used in vulnerability geography research as spatial analysis, quantitative data analysis, and qualitative research methods.

Vulnerability reduction refers to the actions taken to reduce the susceptibility of individuals and communities to hazards and their impacts.

Poverty, lack of access to education and healthcare, and discrimination and marginalization are all social factors that can increase vulnerability to hazards.

Vulnerability geography can contribute to sustainable development by identifying vulnerable areas and populations, developing strategies to reduce vulnerability and increase resilience, and promoting policies that address the root causes of vulnerability.

Floods, droughts, and wildfires can all be exacerbated by environmental vulnerability, such as deforestation, land degradation, and climate change.

Adaptation refers to the actions taken to adjust to the impacts of hazards and climate change, such as building seawalls to protect coastal communities from rising sea levels.

Unemployment rate is not a common indicator used to measure social vulnerability, although it can be related to poverty and income inequality.

Vulnerability geography can be used to promote social justice by identifying and addressing the root causes of vulnerability, developing policies and programs that target vulnerable populations, and empowering vulnerable communities to participate in decision-making processes.

Building levees and floodwalls, implementing land use regulations, and educating communities about hazard risks are all examples of mitigation strategies to reduce vulnerability to natural hazards.

Mitigation refers to the actions taken to reduce the severity and frequency of hazards, such as reducing greenhouse gas emissions to mitigate climate change.