The velocity distribution in an open channel is typically parabolic, with the highest velocity occurring at the surface and decreasing towards the bottom.

The Froude number is used to characterize the flow regime in an open channel, indicating whether the flow is subcritical, critical, or supercritical.

Specific energy is the total energy per unit weight of the fluid and is a constant along a streamline.

Critical depth is the depth at which the Froude number is unity, indicating the transition between subcritical and supercritical flow.

The Manning equation is an empirical equation used to calculate the velocity of flow in an open channel.

The Chezy equation is an alternative formula to the Manning equation for calculating the velocity of flow in an open channel.

The hydraulic jump is a rapid transition from supercritical to subcritical flow, characterized by an abrupt increase in flow depth.

GVF analysis is used to study the flow in a channel with varying slope and cross-section, where the flow properties change gradually along the channel.

Normal depth is the depth of flow in an open channel at which uniform flow conditions exist.

The energy equation for open channel flow is derived from the principle of conservation of energy.

The momentum equation for open channel flow is derived from the principle of conservation of momentum.

The continuity equation for open channel flow is derived from the principle of conservation of mass.

The Darcy-Weisbach equation is commonly used to calculate the head loss in a pipe due to friction.

The Moody diagram is a graphical representation of the friction factor versus the Reynolds number for various types of pipes.

The Colebrook-White equation is an empirical equation used to calculate the friction factor in a pipe.