Batteries are electrochemical cells that store chemical energy and convert it to electrical energy.

Lithium-ion batteries store energy through the reversible intercalation and deintercalation of lithium ions between the cathode and anode materials.

Crystalline silicon solar cells are the most widely used type of solar cell, known for their high efficiency and long-term stability.

Fuel cells generate electricity through electrochemical reactions between a fuel (typically hydrogen) and an oxidant (typically oxygen).

LEDs are highly energy-efficient lighting devices that convert electrical energy directly into light with minimal heat loss.

Capacitors store energy by accumulating opposite charges on two conductive plates separated by an insulating material.

Semiconductors are commonly used in thermoelectric materials due to their ability to convert temperature differences into electrical energy.

Photovoltaic cells convert light energy directly into electrical energy through the photovoltaic effect.

Double-pane windows are commonly used to improve energy efficiency by reducing heat transfer through the window.

Flywheels store energy in the form of mechanical stress by rotating a heavy rotor at high speeds.

Fiberglass is a commonly used insulation material due to its low thermal conductivity and high insulating properties.

Piezoelectric materials convert mechanical energy into electrical energy through the piezoelectric effect.

Heat pumps are energy-efficient heating and cooling systems that transfer heat from one place to another.

Pumped-storage hydroelectric systems store energy by pumping water uphill and releasing it downhill through a turbine to generate electricity.

Evaporative coolers are energy-efficient cooling systems that use the evaporation of water to cool air.