Educational technology plays a vital role in providing students with access to a wide range of information resources, including textbooks, online articles, videos, and simulations.

Calculators are not typically considered to be educational technology tools, as they are not specifically designed for use in teaching and learning.

Instructional design is the process of creating engaging learning experiences that promote effective learning outcomes.

Constructivism is a learning theory that emphasizes the importance of active participation and social interaction in the learning process. It posits that learners construct knowledge through their experiences and interactions with the world around them.

An LMS (Learning Management System) is a software application that provides students with access to course materials, facilitates communication between teachers and students, tracks student progress and performance, and generates reports on student learning.

Interactive simulations are not typically considered to be a type of educational media, as they are not static resources like textbooks, videos, or audio recordings.

Formative assessment is a type of assessment that is used to provide feedback to students on their progress. It is typically conducted during the learning process, rather than at the end.

Redefinition is not a common type of educational technology integration model. The other three options (Substitution, Augmentation, and Modification) are commonly used to describe different ways in which technology can be integrated into the teaching-learning process.

Summative assessment is a type of assessment that is used to measure student achievement. It is typically conducted at the end of a unit or course.

Action research is not typically considered to be a type of educational technology research method. The other three options (Quantitative research, Qualitative research, and Design-based research) are commonly used to study educational technology.

Educational technology standards are designed to promote the effective use of technology in teaching and learning. They provide guidelines for teachers, administrators, and educational technology developers on how to use technology to improve student learning.

Funding policies are not typically considered to be a type of educational technology policy. The other three options (Acceptable use policies, Data privacy policies, and Copyright policies) are commonly used to regulate the use of technology in schools.

Educational technology leadership involves the development and implementation of educational technology policies, as well as the advocacy for the use of technology in teaching and learning.

Action research is not typically considered to be a type of educational technology professional development model. The other three options (Workshops, Online courses, and Mentoring) are commonly used to provide professional development to teachers on how to use technology in teaching and learning.

Educational technology research is conducted to inform educational policy and practice. It seeks to understand how students learn with technology, evaluate the effectiveness of educational technologies, and develop new educational technologies.