EEFs are designed to reduce nutrient losses, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, from agricultural fields. By improving nutrient use efficiency, EEFs aim to minimize the environmental impact of fertilizers while maintaining or increasing crop yields.

EEFs are generally associated with reduced water pollution and improved air quality due to decreased nutrient losses. They do not directly contribute to increased soil erosion or enhanced biodiversity.

EEFs employ various mechanisms to reduce nutrient losses. They can slow the release of nutrients into the soil, allowing plants to utilize them more efficiently. They also enhance nutrient uptake by plants, reducing the amount of nutrients available for leaching and runoff. Additionally, EEFs can help prevent nutrient leaching and runoff by improving soil structure and water-holding capacity.

Urea-based fertilizers are not typically considered enhanced-efficiency fertilizers. Slow-release fertilizers, nitrification inhibitors, and controlled-release fertilizers are examples of EEFs that are designed to minimize nutrient losses and improve nutrient use efficiency.

The primary challenge associated with EEFs is their higher cost of production compared to conventional fertilizers. This can be a barrier to adoption for farmers, especially in developing countries where cost-effectiveness is a major concern.

EEFs can contribute to sustainable agriculture by reducing the environmental impact of agriculture, increasing crop yields and food production, and improving soil health and fertility. By minimizing nutrient losses, EEFs help protect water quality and air quality. They also enhance nutrient use efficiency, leading to increased crop yields and reduced production costs. Additionally, EEFs can improve soil health and fertility by maintaining soil nutrient balance and reducing soil degradation.

Conventional fertilizers can have negative environmental impacts, such as eutrophication of water bodies due to nutrient runoff, air pollution from ammonia volatilization, and greenhouse gas emissions associated with nitrogen fertilizer production. Improved soil fertility is not a negative environmental impact of conventional fertilizers.

EEFs improve nutrient use efficiency in agriculture by reducing nutrient losses through leaching and runoff, increasing the availability of nutrients to plants, and synchronizing nutrient release with crop demand. By minimizing nutrient losses, EEFs ensure that more nutrients are available for plant uptake. They also enhance nutrient availability by improving soil conditions and root development. Additionally, EEFs can be formulated to release nutrients gradually, matching the nutrient demand of crops throughout their growth cycle.

Nitrification inhibitors play a crucial role in EEFs by slowing the conversion of ammonium to nitrate. This process, known as nitrification, can lead to nitrogen losses through leaching and volatilization. By inhibiting nitrification, nitrification inhibitors help retain nitrogen in the ammonium form, which is less susceptible to losses. This results in increased nitrogen availability to plants and reduced nitrogen losses to the environment.

While EEFs can provide numerous benefits, reduced fertilizer costs are not typically associated with their use. EEFs are generally more expensive than conventional fertilizers due to their specialized formulations and production processes. However, the long-term benefits of EEFs, such as improved nutrient use efficiency and reduced environmental impact, may outweigh the initial higher cost.

EEFs contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions in agriculture through various mechanisms. By reducing the need for nitrogen fertilizer application, EEFs help mitigate nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, a potent greenhouse gas produced during nitrogen fertilizer production and application. Additionally, EEFs can improve soil carbon sequestration by enhancing soil organic matter content, which helps remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. Furthermore, some EEFs are formulated using processes that require less energy, resulting in reduced greenhouse gas emissions during fertilizer production.

Slow-release fertilizers improve nutrient use efficiency primarily by gradually releasing nutrients over an extended period. This controlled release mechanism ensures that nutrients are available to plants throughout their growth cycle, reducing the risk of nutrient deficiencies and losses. By matching nutrient release with crop demand, slow-release fertilizers minimize nutrient losses through leaching and runoff, resulting in improved nutrient use efficiency.

Improved soil health is not a potential limitation of using EEFs in agriculture. On the contrary, EEFs can contribute to improved soil health by reducing nutrient losses, maintaining soil nutrient balance, and enhancing soil microbial activity. The other options, such as high cost of production, difficulty in application, and reduced crop yields, are potential limitations that need to be considered when adopting EEFs.

EEFs help in reducing water pollution from agricultural runoff through multiple mechanisms. By minimizing nutrient losses through leaching and runoff, EEFs reduce the amount of nutrients available for transport into water bodies. Additionally, EEFs can improve soil structure and water-holding capacity, which helps reduce runoff and erosion. Furthermore, some EEFs can also contribute to reduced water use by improving water use efficiency in crops.

Controlled-release fertilizers are designed to minimize nutrient losses and improve nutrient use efficiency. By releasing nutrients gradually over an extended period, controlled-release fertilizers reduce the risk of nutrient leaching and runoff, ensuring that nutrients are available to plants when they need them. This approach helps optimize nutrient uptake and minimizes the environmental impact of fertilizer use.