Land-based activities, such as littering, improper waste disposal, and stormwater runoff, contribute significantly to marine debris.

Plastic debris, particularly microplastics, is highly persistent and can accumulate in the marine environment, posing a significant threat to marine life through ingestion, entanglement, and habitat degradation.

Marine debris can disrupt marine food webs by introducing harmful substances into the environment, alter marine habitats by accumulating on beaches and coral reefs, and introduce invasive species by providing a means of transport for non-native organisms.

Marine debris ingestion by marine animals can lead to starvation due to blockage of the digestive tract, disease due to the accumulation of toxins, and reduced reproductive success due to hormonal disruptions.

The MARPOL Convention (International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships) is the primary international agreement that aims to address the issue of marine debris by regulating the discharge of waste from ships.

Beach cleanups play a crucial role in addressing marine debris by removing debris from beaches, raising awareness about the issue, and educating the public about proper waste disposal.

Individuals can contribute to reducing marine debris by properly disposing of waste, reducing the use of single-use plastics, participating in beach cleanups, and advocating for policies that address the issue.

Microplastic bioaccumulation refers to the accumulation of microplastics in marine organisms over time, leading to potential health effects.

Sea turtles are particularly vulnerable to entanglement in marine debris, especially plastic debris, due to their feeding habits and inability to distinguish between food and debris.

Fragmentation refers to the process by which marine debris breaks down into smaller pieces due to physical, chemical, and biological factors.

Plastic bags, fishing line, and cigarette butts are often mistaken for food by marine animals due to their resemblance to natural prey or food items.

Marine debris hotspots, convergence zones, and gyres are all terms used to describe areas of the ocean where marine debris accumulates due to ocean currents and wind patterns.

Plastic debris, particularly microplastics, is particularly harmful to coral reefs as it can smother corals, block sunlight, and introduce harmful chemicals into the reef ecosystem.

Land-based runoff, stormwater runoff, and riverine discharge are all processes by which marine debris is transported from land to the ocean.

The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) is responsible for coordinating global efforts to address marine debris through its Marine Litter and Microplastics Unit.