The primary objective of nuclear waste management is to minimize the environmental impact of radioactive waste by safely and securely storing, treating, and disposing of it.

Vitrification is a common method for treating low-level radioactive waste, where the waste is mixed with glass and heated to form a stable and durable solid.

A nuclear waste repository is a facility designed to dispose of nuclear waste permanently in a deep geological formation, typically hundreds of meters below the Earth's surface.

Spent nuclear fuel is a type of high-level radioactive waste produced by nuclear reactors after the fuel has been used.

The primary concern associated with the disposal of nuclear waste is the potential for radioactive contamination of the environment, which could pose a risk to human health and the ecosystem.

Dry cask storage is a common method for storing spent nuclear fuel, where the fuel is placed in sealed containers and stored above ground in a secure facility.

A nuclear waste characterization program is designed to identify the type and quantity of radioactive waste, determine the appropriate treatment and disposal methods, and assess the potential environmental impact of the waste.

Decommissioning waste is a type of intermediate-level radioactive waste generated during the decommissioning of nuclear facilities.

The primary challenge associated with the disposal of high-level radioactive waste is the combination of its long-lived nature, high radioactivity, and large volume.

Pyroprocessing, hydrometallurgical processing, and electrometallurgical processing are all common methods for reprocessing nuclear waste.

A nuclear waste treatment facility is designed to reduce the volume of nuclear waste, remove hazardous contaminants, and convert the waste into a more stable form.

Radioactive medical waste is a type of low-level radioactive waste generated by hospitals and medical facilities.

The IAEA plays a vital role in nuclear waste management by developing international standards, providing technical assistance, and promoting cooperation among countries.

Nuclear waste is commonly transported by rail, road, sea, and air, depending on the specific circumstances and regulations.

Nuclear waste management research and development aims to develop safer and more efficient treatment and disposal methods, reduce waste generation, and find new uses for nuclear waste.