Institutionalism argues that international organizations can facilitate cooperation and solve global problems by providing a platform for negotiation, setting norms and rules, and enforcing agreements.

Realism posits that states are primarily motivated by the pursuit of power and security in an anarchic international system where there is no overarching authority to enforce rules.

Constructivism argues that states' identities, interests, and behaviors are shaped by the social and cultural norms and values that they share.

Sovereignty is the principle that a state has the exclusive right to govern itself and make decisions within its own territory, without interference from other states.

Global civil society theory argues that non-state actors can play a significant role in global governance by advocating for change, raising awareness of global issues, and holding states accountable.

The free rider problem refers to the situation where individuals or states can benefit from a collective good without contributing to its provision.

Neoliberal institutionalism argues that states can overcome the challenges of collective action and cooperate effectively by building trust and cooperation through repeated interactions and the establishment of institutions.

The primary goal of the United Nations, as stated in its Charter, is to maintain international peace and security.

Critical theory argues that global governance should focus on addressing the structural inequalities and power imbalances that perpetuate global problems.

The main challenge to the effectiveness of international law in global governance is the lack of a global enforcement mechanism to ensure compliance with international agreements.

Human rights theory argues that global governance should be based on the promotion and protection of human rights and democracy as universal values.

The main challenge to the effectiveness of the WTO in promoting free trade is the sovereignty of states, which can lead to disagreements over trade rules and the implementation of WTO agreements.

Ecological modernization theory argues that global environmental challenges can be addressed through technological innovation, economic restructuring, and international cooperation.

The main challenge to the effectiveness of the UN Security Council in maintaining international peace and security is the veto power of its permanent members, which can prevent the Council from taking action in certain situations.

Dependency theory argues that global economic inequality is a result of the exploitation of developing countries by developed countries, and that global governance should focus on addressing this inequality and promoting sustainable development.