Conflict Theory posits that society is characterized by inherent conflict between different groups and classes, and that this conflict drives social change.

Weber argued that in modern societies, political power is primarily based on bureaucratic authority, which is characterized by a rational-legal system of rules and procedures.

Marx's theory of the state posits that it is an instrument of class oppression, serving to maintain the power and privilege of the ruling class.

A social movement is a collective effort by individuals and groups to bring about social change through various forms of protest and activism.

Bourdieu's concept of cultural capital refers to the cultural knowledge, skills, and dispositions that individuals acquire through their social position and that can be used to gain social advantage.

Durkheim's theory of social solidarity emphasizes the role of shared values and norms in maintaining social order and cohesion.

Lobbying refers to the efforts of individuals and groups to influence government policy by directly contacting elected officials or government agencies.

Dahl's theory of polyarchy emphasizes the分散 of political power across multiple institutions and organizations, rather than being concentrated in a single entity.

Social exclusion refers to the process by which individuals and groups are denied access to resources, opportunities, and participation in society.

Marx's theory of social stratification posits that it is based on economic inequality, with the ruling class owning the means of production and exploiting the working class.

Social mobility refers to the movement of individuals and groups up or down the social ladder, based on factors such as education, occupation, and income.

Mead's theory of symbolic interactionism emphasizes the role of individuals' interpretations of the social world in shaping their actions and interactions.

Social integration refers to the process by which individuals and groups come to share a common identity and sense of belonging, often based on shared values, norms, and experiences.

Parsons' theory of the state posits that it is a neutral arbiter of social conflict, maintaining social order and stability.

Social mobility refers to the process by which individuals and groups gain access to resources and opportunities, often through education, occupation, and income.