The FCC is an independent agency of the United States government that regulates interstate and international communications by radio, television, wire, satellite, and cable.

Industry standards are technical specifications that define how different devices and services should communicate with each other. They are developed by industry consortia and are voluntary, but they are often adopted by manufacturers and service providers in order to ensure compatibility.

Consumer protection laws are designed to protect consumers from unfair or deceptive practices by telecommunications companies. These laws may include requirements for clear and accurate billing, protection against unauthorized charges, and access to customer service.

Common carriers are telecommunications companies that are required by law to provide service to all customers, regardless of their location or ability to pay. Private carriers, on the other hand, are not required to provide service to all customers and may choose to offer their services only to certain customers or in certain areas.

The Telecommunications Act of 1996 was a major piece of legislation that was designed to promote competition and innovation in the telecommunications industry. The act removed many of the regulations that had previously been imposed on telecommunications companies, and it also required these companies to provide access to their networks to other companies.

The FCC's role in promoting competition in the telecommunications industry is to ensure that all telecommunications companies have equal access to the market. This includes ensuring that telecommunications companies have access to the necessary infrastructure, such as poles and conduits, and that they are not discriminated against by other telecommunications companies.

The FCC's role in protecting consumers from fraud and abuse in the telecommunications industry is to investigate complaints from consumers. The FCC may also take enforcement action against telecommunications companies that engage in fraud or abuse, such as imposing fines or revoking licenses.

The FCC's role in ensuring that all Americans have access to affordable and reliable telecommunications services is to promote competition in the telecommunications industry. Competition helps to drive down prices and improve the quality of service.

Landline telephone service is provided over a physical wire, such as a copper wire or a fiber optic cable. Wireless telephone service, on the other hand, is provided over the air using radio waves.

Circuit-switched networks establish a dedicated connection between two devices, which means that the entire path between the two devices is reserved for their use. Packet-switched networks, on the other hand, do not establish a dedicated connection between two devices. Instead, data is sent in packets, which are small units of data that are routed through the network based on their destination address.

A PSTN is a public network that is used by all telecommunications companies to provide telephone service to their customers. A PBX, on the other hand, is a private network that is used by a single organization to provide telephone service to its employees.

A LAN is a network that connects devices in a single location, such as a home or an office. A WAN, on the other hand, is a network that connects devices in different locations, such as different buildings or different cities.

A client is a device that requests data from a server. A server is a device that provides data to a client. In a client-server network, the client sends a request to the server, and the server responds by sending the requested data back to the client.

A firewall is a device that blocks unauthorized access to a network. A proxy server is a device that allows users to access the Internet anonymously by hiding their IP address.