The primary goal of a circular economy is to minimize waste and pollution by keeping resources in use for as long as possible and extracting the maximum value from them.

Key principles of circular economy include designing products and materials for circularity, using renewable energy, reducing consumption, and closing the loop by recycling and reusing materials.

Recycling is the process of recovering and reusing materials from waste, while upcycling is the process of transforming waste materials into new products of higher quality or value.

Examples of circular economy business models include subscription-based services, product-as-a-service, sharing economy platforms, and closed-loop recycling systems.

Design for disassembly, design for reuse, and design for circularity are all terms used to describe the practice of designing products and materials to be easily disassembled, repaired, and reused.

Benefits of adopting circular economy principles include reduced waste and pollution, increased resource efficiency, enhanced economic resilience, and job creation.

Product life extension is the practice of extending the lifespan of products through repair, refurbishment, and remanufacturing, thereby reducing waste and resource consumption.

Challenges associated with implementing circular economy principles include lack of consumer awareness, technological limitations, policy and regulatory barriers, and resistance from traditional linear economy businesses.

Life cycle assessment, eco-design, and sustainable design are all terms used to describe the practice of designing products and services to minimize their environmental impact throughout their entire life cycle.

Examples of circular economy initiatives include extended producer responsibility schemes, deposit refund systems, product take-back programs, and eco-industrial parks.

Waste valorization is the practice of using waste materials as inputs for other processes or products, thereby reducing the amount of waste sent to landfills or incinerators.

Key indicators of resource efficiency include material footprint, water footprint, carbon footprint, and ecological footprint.

Design for adaptability, design for upgradability, and design for circularity are all terms used to describe the practice of designing products and services to be easily adaptable and upgradable.

Key components of a circular economy strategy include collaboration and partnerships, innovation and technology, policy and regulation, and consumer education and engagement.

Renewable energy integration is the practice of using renewable energy sources to power industrial processes and reduce reliance on fossil fuels, thereby reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting sustainability.