Karnataka was the first state in India to adopt the NSDI standards in 2005, setting an example for other states to follow.

The NSDI aims to promote data sharing, facilitate geospatial application development, and improve decision-making by providing a framework for geospatial data standards and infrastructure.

Data transfer standards are not explicitly mentioned as a key component of the NSDI framework. The other three options are essential components for ensuring interoperability and data sharing.

The SOI plays a crucial role in the implementation of NSDI by developing and maintaining geodetic control networks, providing geospatial data and services, and promoting the adoption of NSDI standards.

Hyderabad was the first Indian city to implement a comprehensive GIS-based urban planning system in the early 2000s, leading to improved urban planning and management practices.

Implementing geographical data standards in India leads to improved data sharing and interoperability, enhanced decision-making, and cost savings by reducing duplication of efforts and improving data quality.

Political and administrative barriers are not typically cited as challenges in the implementation of geographical data standards in India. The other three options are commonly encountered challenges.

Andhra Pradesh has developed a comprehensive geospatial data portal called the Andhra Pradesh Geoportal, which provides access to a wide range of geospatial data and services for various sectors.

Bhuvan is a significant platform that serves as a national geospatial data repository, provides geospatial data visualization and analysis tools, and promotes the adoption of open geospatial standards in India.

Madhya Pradesh has implemented a comprehensive land records management system called the MP Bhulekh system, which utilizes geospatial technologies to improve land records management and transparency.

The NRSC plays a crucial role in the implementation of geographical data standards in India by developing and maintaining geospatial data standards, providing geospatial data and services, and promoting the adoption of geospatial technologies.

Odisha has developed a comprehensive geospatial data infrastructure for disaster management, which includes a geospatial data portal, a disaster management information system, and various geospatial applications for disaster preparedness and response.

Effective implementation of geographical data standards in India requires strong leadership and commitment, collaboration and partnerships among stakeholders, and capacity building and training to ensure successful adoption and utilization of the standards.

Tamil Nadu has implemented a comprehensive geospatial data infrastructure for urban planning and development, which includes a geospatial data portal, various geospatial applications, and a GIS-based urban planning system.