Industrial metabolism focuses on analyzing and understanding the flows of materials and energy through industrial systems, including the extraction of raw materials, manufacturing processes, and the disposal of waste products.

Material flow analysis (MFA) is a key concept in industrial metabolism, as it involves tracking the flows of materials through different stages of an industrial system, from extraction to disposal, to identify inefficiencies and potential environmental impacts.

MFA aims to identify opportunities for resource recovery and recycling, as well as to minimize waste generation and environmental impacts associated with material flows.

Upcycling involves transforming waste materials or unwanted products into new items of better quality or perceived value, thereby extending their lifespan and reducing waste.

Industrial ecology aims to establish closed-loop industrial systems where waste and by-products from one process become inputs for another, minimizing resource consumption and environmental impacts.

Design for recyclability focuses on designing products and packaging to facilitate their recycling and recovery at the end of their useful life, reducing waste and promoting circularity.

Resource extraction involves the removal and processing of natural resources, such as minerals, ores, and fossil fuels, from the Earth's crust or oceans.

Manufacturing encompasses the processes involved in converting raw materials or intermediate products into finished goods, typically involving various stages of processing, assembly, and quality control.

Transportation involves the movement of goods and materials from one place to another, utilizing various modes of transport such as road, rail, air, or water.

Product life extension aims to prolong the useful life of products by repairing, refurbishing, or reusing them, reducing waste and the need for new production.

Waste-to-energy involves the conversion of waste materials, such as municipal solid waste or industrial by-products, into usable forms of energy, such as electricity, heat, or biofuels.

Source reduction involves reducing the amount of waste generated at the source, typically through design changes, process improvements, or changes in consumer behavior.

Material recovery involves the extraction and reuse of valuable materials from waste streams, such as metals, plastics, and paper, diverting them from landfills or incineration.

Composting involves the controlled decomposition of organic waste, such as food scraps, yard waste, and paper products, into a nutrient-rich soil amendment.

Anaerobic digestion involves the breakdown of organic waste in the absence of oxygen, producing biogas (a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide) and a nutrient-rich digestate.