In solids, the absorption of light is primarily caused by electronic transitions, where electrons are excited from lower energy levels to higher energy levels by absorbing photons.

The color of a solid is determined by its band gap energy. Solids with a small band gap absorb light in the visible region of the spectrum, appearing colored, while solids with a large band gap transmit light in the visible region, appearing transparent.

Refraction is the phenomenon where light changes its direction when it passes from one medium to another with a different refractive index.

Reflection is the phenomenon where light is reflected back from a surface due to the interaction with the electrons in the material.

Transmission is the phenomenon where light passes through a material without being absorbed or reflected.

Dispersion is the phenomenon where light is spread out into different colors when it passes through a material due to the variation of refractive index with wavelength.

Diamond has the highest refractive index among the given options, which means it bends light the most.

The refractive index of a material is inversely proportional to the speed of light in that material.

The critical angle is the angle at which light is completely reflected from a surface, meaning it does not enter the second medium.

Zinc sulfide is a material that exhibits the phenomenon of phosphorescence, where it continues to emit light after the excitation source is removed.

In solids, the emission of light is primarily caused by electronic transitions, where electrons return from higher energy levels to lower energy levels by emitting photons.

Dispersion is the phenomenon where the refractive index of a material changes with wavelength, causing light of different colors to travel at different speeds in the material.

Scattering is the phenomenon where light is redirected in various directions due to the interaction with particles in a material.

Rhodamine B is a material that exhibits the phenomenon of fluorescence, where it emits light of a different wavelength after absorbing light of a different wavelength.

In solids, plasmons are generated by the collective oscillations of free electrons, which can be excited by light or other electromagnetic radiation.