ARIES, located in Nainital, Uttarakhand, is a premier Indian observatory dedicated to astronomical research. It houses various telescopes and instruments for observing galaxies, quasars, and other celestial objects.

A spectrograph is an instrument used to disperse light into its component wavelengths, allowing astronomers to study the chemical composition of galaxies by analyzing the absorption and emission lines in their spectra.

Govind Swarup was a renowned Indian radio astronomer who led the construction and development of the GMRT, a powerful radio telescope located near Pune, Maharashtra.

Adaptive optics is a technique used to correct for distortions caused by atmospheric turbulence, improving the resolution and quality of images obtained from ground-based telescopes.

The Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) is a leading institution involved in the development of instruments for the TMT, a next-generation extremely large telescope being built in Hawaii.

Interferometry is a technique that combines signals from multiple telescopes to achieve a higher angular resolution, allowing astronomers to resolve fine details in galaxies and other celestial objects.

Jayant Narlikar is a renowned Indian cosmologist and astrophysicist who has made significant contributions to the understanding of galaxy evolution and the formation of cosmic structures.

A CCD is a semiconductor device used in galaxy instrumentation to detect and record light signals, converting them into digital data for analysis and processing.

The GMRT is a powerful radio telescope located near Pune, Maharashtra, and is known for its contributions to the study of extragalactic radio sources, pulsars, and other radio-emitting objects.

Infrared telescopes are particularly useful for observing galaxies obscured by dust and gas, as infrared radiation can penetrate these regions more effectively than visible light.

T. Padmanabhan is a renowned Indian cosmologist and astrophysicist who has made significant contributions to the understanding of the formation and evolution of galaxies, black holes, and other astrophysical phenomena.

Adaptive optics is a technique used to correct for distortions caused by atmospheric turbulence, improving the resolution and quality of images obtained from ground-based telescopes.

The Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) is involved in the development of instruments for the JWST, a next-generation space telescope designed to study the early universe and the formation of galaxies.

A Fabry-Perot interferometer is an instrument used to measure the velocity of galaxies by analyzing the Doppler shift of their spectral lines.

R. C. Majumdar is a renowned Indian astrophysicist who has made significant contributions to the study of active galactic nuclei, black holes, and other high-energy astrophysical phenomena.