Rene Descartes is widely regarded as the father of rationalism, a philosophical movement that emphasizes the power of reason and deductive logic in acquiring knowledge.

Rationalists believe that certain fundamental truths are innate, meaning they are known to us prior to any experience.

John Locke is widely regarded as the father of empiricism, a philosophical movement that emphasizes the role of experience and observation in acquiring knowledge.

Empiricists believe that all knowledge is derived from experience, either through direct observation or through the senses.

David Hume is known for his skeptical arguments against the possibility of certain knowledge, particularly his claim that all human knowledge is derived from sense experience.

Critics of rationalism argue that it relies too heavily on reason and deductive logic, and that it ignores the role of experience and observation in acquiring knowledge.

Critics of empiricism argue that it relies too heavily on experience and observation, and that it ignores the role of reason and deductive logic in acquiring knowledge.

John Locke argued that the mind is a blank slate at birth and that all knowledge is acquired through experience, a concept known as tabula rasa.

Rene Descartes argued that the mind is divided into two distinct substances: the thinking substance (res cogitans) and the extended substance (res extensa).

David Hume argued that the only things we can know for certain are our own mental states, a concept known as phenomenalism.

Immanuel Kant argued that the categories of the understanding are innate and that they structure our experience of the world, a concept known as transcendental idealism.

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz argued that the world is made up of monads, which are simple, indivisible substances.

Anselm of Canterbury argued that the existence of God can be proven through rational arguments, most notably his ontological argument.

David Hume argued that the existence of God cannot be proven through rational arguments, a concept known as the problem of induction.

Isaac Newton argued that the world is governed by natural laws that can be discovered through observation and experimentation, a concept known as scientific method.