In 1954, the Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education ruled that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional, paving the way for desegregation efforts.

White privilege refers to the unearned advantages and societal benefits that white individuals experience due to their race, often contributing to racial disparities in various areas, including education.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is a landmark legislation that prohibits discrimination based on race, color, national origin, sex, and disability in various areas, including education.

Affirmative action policies in education aim to address historical and ongoing racial disparities by providing equal opportunities and access to education for students from all backgrounds.

The special education gap refers to the disproportionate representation of students of color in special education programs, often due to biases in assessment and placement practices.

Multicultural education is an approach that recognizes and values the cultural diversity of students and incorporates culturally relevant content and teaching methods to promote inclusive learning environments.

The expectation gap refers to the lower expectations that educators sometimes have for students from marginalized backgrounds, which can contribute to lower academic outcomes.

The Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) requires states to develop and implement comprehensive plans to address racial disparities in school discipline, including data collection and evidence-based interventions.

Streaming is a practice where students are placed into different academic tracks or pathways based on their perceived abilities or backgrounds, often leading to inequitable outcomes.

Critical pedagogy is an educational approach that emphasizes the importance of social justice and equity in teaching and learning, encouraging students to critically examine power structures and societal inequalities.

The resource gap refers to the inequitable distribution of educational resources and opportunities, such as qualified teachers, up-to-date textbooks, and technology, which often impacts students from marginalized backgrounds.

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) is a federal law that ensures that students with disabilities have access to a free and appropriate public education that meets their unique needs.

The racial discipline gap refers to the disproportionate representation of students of color in school suspensions and expulsions, often due to implicit biases and discriminatory practices.

Culturally responsive teaching is an educational approach that emphasizes the importance of adapting teaching methods and content to meet the needs and experiences of diverse students, promoting inclusive and equitable learning environments.

The achievement gap refers to the persistent disparity in academic outcomes between students from marginalized backgrounds and their peers from more privileged backgrounds.