The main purpose of CCS initiatives is to capture carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from industrial and power generation sources and store them underground or in other geological formations to prevent their release into the atmosphere.

Carbon capture technologies include post-combustion capture, which involves capturing CO2 from flue gases after combustion; pre-combustion capture, which captures CO2 from fuel before combustion; and oxyfuel combustion, which uses pure oxygen instead of air for combustion, resulting in a concentrated stream of CO2.

Carbon storage can be achieved in various geological formations, including depleted oil and gas reservoirs, deep saline aquifers, and unmineable coal seams. These formations provide suitable conditions for CO2 injection and long-term storage.

Norway was the first country to implement a large-scale CCS project, known as the Sleipner project, which captures CO2 from a natural gas processing plant and stores it in a deep saline aquifer.

CCS initiatives face several challenges, including high costs, technical complexity, and the need for public acceptance and support. Additionally, concerns about the long-term safety and effectiveness of carbon storage need to be addressed.

CCS has the potential to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions by capturing and storing CO2 from industrial and power generation sources, thereby preventing its release into the atmosphere.

The Paris Agreement, adopted in 2015, recognizes the importance of CCS as a technology that can contribute to the global effort to mitigate climate change.

Estimates suggest that the global capacity for carbon storage in geological formations is in the range of 10,000 gigatons of CO2, providing significant potential for long-term storage of captured carbon.

Industrial processes, such as cement production, steel manufacturing, and chemical processing, are responsible for a significant portion of CO2 emissions that can be captured and stored through CCS.

Direct air capture refers to the process of capturing CO2 directly from the ambient air, rather than from specific industrial or power generation sources.

Enhanced oil recovery is a technique that involves injecting CO2 into underground oil reservoirs to increase oil production. This process also contributes to carbon storage by keeping CO2 underground.

Carbon capture and utilization involves converting captured CO2 into useful products, such as fuels, chemicals, or building materials, instead of storing it underground.

The Global CCS Institute is an international organization that promotes and coordinates CCS initiatives worldwide, providing technical expertise, research, and advocacy.

CCS has the potential to achieve higher effectiveness in reducing greenhouse gas emissions compared to other mitigation strategies, as it involves capturing and storing CO2 directly from industrial and power generation sources.