Robert Schumann is considered to be one of the greatest Romantic composers because of his innovative use of harmony, melody, and form. He was also a gifted pianist and music critic.

The Lied is a type of German song that is typically accompanied by piano. It is often characterized by its emotional intensity and its focus on personal experience.

Hector Berlioz is known for his use of programmatic music, which is a type of music that tells a story or depicts a scene. His most famous work is the Symphonie Fantastique, which tells the story of a young man who falls in love with a woman who is not real.

Der Ring des Nibelungen is a four-opera cycle that tells the story of the Nibelungs, a race of dwarves who possess a powerful ring. The opera is considered to be Wagner's greatest work because of its complex music, its innovative use of leitmotifs, and its epic scope.

Antonín Dvořák is known for his use of folk music in his compositions. He often incorporated folk melodies and rhythms into his symphonies, operas, and other works. His most famous work is the Symphony No. 9, which is also known as the "From the New World" Symphony.

Impressionism is a musical movement that emerged in the late 19th century as a reaction to the excesses of Romanticism. Impressionist composers sought to create music that was more atmospheric and evocative, and that focused on the suggestion of emotion rather than the direct expression of it.

Claude Debussy is considered to be one of the greatest Impressionist composers. His music is characterized by its use of whole-tone scales, parallel chords, and pentatonic melodies. His most famous work is the opera Pelléas et Mélisande.

Expressionism is a musical movement that emerged in the early 20th century as a reaction to the Impressionist movement. Expressionist composers sought to create music that was more intense and emotional, and that reflected the inner turmoil of the human soul. Their music is often characterized by its use of dissonance, atonality, and harsh textures.

Arnold Schoenberg is considered to be one of the greatest Expressionist composers. He is best known for his development of the twelve-tone technique, which is a method of composing music using all twelve notes of the chromatic scale. His most famous work is the opera Moses und Aron.

Neoclassicism is a musical movement that emerged in the mid-20th century as a reaction to the Expressionist movement. Neoclassical composers sought to create music that was more objective and rational, and that drew inspiration from the music of the past. Their music is often characterized by its use of clear melodies, simple harmonies, and regular rhythms.

Igor Stravinsky is considered to be one of the greatest Neoclassical composers. He is best known for his ballets The Firebird, Petrushka, and The Rite of Spring. His music is often characterized by its use of sharp rhythms, dissonant harmonies, and complex textures.

Serialism is a musical movement that emerged in the late 20th century as a reaction to the Neoclassical movement. Serial composers sought to create music that was more abstract and complex, and that broke away from the traditional tonal system. Their music is often characterized by its use of atonality, dissonance, and complex rhythms.

Pierre Boulez is considered to be one of the greatest Serialist composers. He is best known for his works Le Marteau sans Maître and Pli selon Pli. His music is often characterized by its use of complex rhythms, dissonant harmonies, and electronic sounds.

Minimalism is a musical movement that emerged in the late 20th century as a reaction to the Serialist movement. Minimalist composers sought to create music that was more simple and accessible, and that focused on the repetition of short musical phrases. Their music is often characterized by its use of steady rhythms, simple melodies, and clear harmonies.

Philip Glass is considered to be one of the greatest Minimalist composers. He is best known for his operas Einstein on the Beach and Akhnaten. His music is often characterized by its use of long, sustained tones, simple melodies, and repetitive rhythms.