Mahatma Gandhi, a prominent figure in the Indian independence movement, advocated for non-violence and civil disobedience as means to achieve political and social change.

'Ahimsa' is a Sanskrit term that translates to 'non-violence' and is a fundamental principle in Indian philosophy and ethics, emphasizing the importance of refraining from causing harm to living beings.

In the Nyaya school of Indian philosophy, the ultimate goal of human life is considered to be 'moksha' or liberation, which involves breaking free from the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth and attaining a state of spiritual enlightenment.

Jaina Acharya, a prominent figure in Jain philosophy, introduced the concept of 'anekantavada', which suggests that reality is complex and can be viewed from multiple perspectives, with no single perspective being absolutely true.

In Indian philosophy of science, 'pramana' refers to the various means or methods through which knowledge is acquired, such as perception, inference, and testimony.

Kapila, the founder of the Samkhya school of Indian philosophy, proposed the concept of 'purusha' and 'prakriti', where 'purusha' represents consciousness and 'prakriti' represents matter.

The concept of 'maya' in Indian philosophy refers to the idea that the material world is an illusion or a veil that obscures the true nature of reality.

Adi Shankara, a prominent figure in the Advaita Vedanta school of Indian philosophy, emphasized the importance of self-realization and the unity of the individual soul ('jiva') with the universal soul ('Brahman').

The Mimamsa school of Indian philosophy primarily focuses on hermeneutics, which involves the interpretation and understanding of sacred texts, particularly the Vedas.

Gotama Buddha, the founder of Buddhism, introduced the concepts of 'karma' and 'samsara', which refer to the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth based on one's actions and intentions.

The concept of 'dharma' in Indian philosophy encompasses a wide range of meanings, including righteousness, duty, morality, and justice. It refers to the ethical and moral principles that guide human conduct and behavior.

Adi Shankara, a prominent figure in the Advaita Vedanta school of Indian philosophy, argued that the ultimate reality is a single, unified consciousness, known as 'Brahman', and that the world of multiplicity is an illusion or 'maya'.

The Vaisheshika school of Indian philosophy primarily focuses on metaphysics, which involves the study of the fundamental nature of reality, including categories of existence, substance, and causality.

Gotama Buddha, the founder of Buddhism, emphasized the importance of non-attachment and detachment from worldly desires as a means to achieve liberation from suffering and attain enlightenment.

The concept of 'moksha' in Indian philosophy refers to liberation, emancipation, or release from the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth, and the attainment of a state of spiritual enlightenment and freedom.