Clustering is a technique used to group similar data points together based on their characteristics, helping to identify patterns and trends in the data.

Unsupervised learning algorithms learn from unlabeled data, identifying patterns and structures without being explicitly told what to look for.

Decision trees are a type of supervised learning algorithm that uses a tree-like structure to make decisions and classify data points based on their features.

Overfitting occurs when a model learns the specific details of the training data too well, leading to poor performance on new, unseen data.

Principal component analysis (PCA) is a technique that transforms a set of correlated features into a set of linearly uncorrelated features called principal components.

Testing involves evaluating the performance of a model on a dataset that was not used to train the model.

Grid search is a technique used to find the optimal values for a model's hyperparameters by systematically evaluating different combinations of values.

Data preprocessing involves transforming and cleaning raw data to make it suitable for analysis.

Linear regression is a supervised learning algorithm that models the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables using a linear function.

Data visualization involves creating visual representations of data to make it easier to understand and identify patterns and trends.

Regularization techniques, such as L1 and L2 regularization, add a penalty term to the loss function to prevent the model from overfitting.

Outlier detection involves identifying data points that deviate significantly from the rest of the data.

Imputation involves estimating the missing values using statistical methods or machine learning algorithms.

Data transformation involves applying mathematical or statistical operations to transform the data to make it more suitable for analysis.

Accuracy is a common metric used to evaluate the performance of a model, representing the proportion of correct predictions made by the model.