Harijan is a term used to refer to people belonging to the lowest social class in the Hindu caste system, also known as Dalits or Untouchables. The traditional Varnas are Brahmin (priests and scholars), Kshatriya (warriors and rulers), Vaishya (merchants and traders), and Sudra (laborers and service providers).

Ambedkar argued that caste discrimination is rooted in the social customs and traditions of Hindu society, which assign different status and privileges to different caste groups. He believed that these customs and traditions are maintained by the dominant caste groups to perpetuate their power and control over society.

Srinivas identified hierarchy as a fundamental characteristic of the caste system, where different caste groups are ranked in a social hierarchy based on their perceived purity and status. This hierarchy determines the social interactions, marriage alliances, and occupational opportunities available to members of different caste groups.

Phule argued that the caste system was created and maintained by the upper castes to secure their power and privilege. He believed that the system was designed to exploit and oppress the lower castes, and that it served no legitimate social or economic purpose.

Caste-based discrimination in politics can lead to reduced social mobility, as individuals from lower castes may face barriers to political office and decision-making positions. This can perpetuate the existing social inequalities and hinder the upward mobility of marginalized groups.

Caste annihilation is a term coined by B.R. Ambedkar to refer to the complete eradication of the caste system and its associated social hierarchies and inequalities. It involves not only legal and political reforms but also a social and cultural transformation aimed at eliminating caste-based discrimination and promoting equality.

Caste-based reservations in politics aim to increase the representation of historically marginalized and disadvantaged caste groups in political institutions. This can lead to a more inclusive and diverse political system, where the interests and concerns of all sections of society are better represented.

A common argument against caste-based reservations in politics is that they violate the principle of meritocracy, as they give preferential treatment to candidates based on their caste rather than their qualifications or abilities. Critics argue that this undermines the fairness and integrity of the political system.

Caste-based reservations in politics can face several challenges, including lack of political will to implement them effectively, inadequate implementation due to bureaucratic hurdles, and resistance from dominant caste groups who may view them as a threat to their power and privilege.

Caste-based proportional representation refers to the practice of allocating political representation to different caste groups in proportion to their population. This aims to ensure that all caste groups have a fair and equitable share of representation in political institutions.

Caste-based proportional representation can potentially reduce social tensions by giving all caste groups a voice in the political process and addressing their concerns and aspirations. This can lead to a more inclusive and harmonious society.

Proponents of abolishing caste-based reservations in politics argue that they are no longer necessary as caste-based discrimination has been largely eliminated and marginalized groups have achieved significant social and economic progress.

Abolishing caste-based reservations in politics could potentially lead to increased political instability, as marginalized groups may feel disenfranchised and excluded from the political process. This could result in social unrest and political turmoil.

Caste-based compensatory representation refers to the practice of allocating political representation to different caste groups based on their historical grievances and social disadvantages. This aims to address the legacy of discrimination and exclusion faced by marginalized caste groups and promote their political empowerment.

Caste-based compensatory representation can potentially reduce social inequality by giving marginalized caste groups a greater voice in the political process and addressing their concerns and aspirations. This can lead to more inclusive policies and programs that aim to address the structural inequalities faced by these groups.