Scientific racism, a pseudoscientific ideology popular in the 19th century, claimed that certain races were biologically superior to others, justifying discrimination and violence against marginalized groups.

The Civil Rights Movement aimed to end racial segregation and discrimination, particularly in the southern United States, and to achieve racial integration in all aspects of society.

Identity politics focuses on the experiences and perspectives of marginalized groups, such as racial and ethnic minorities, to address issues of inequality and discrimination.

The Black Power Movement aimed to promote cultural pride, self-determination, and economic empowerment among African Americans, challenging the dominant white culture and advocating for black liberation.

Racial essentialism is the belief that racial groups possess inherent and fixed traits that determine their social and cultural characteristics.

The anti-apartheid movement fought against the system of racial segregation and discrimination known as apartheid, which was implemented by the white minority government in South Africa.

Libertarianism advocates for minimal government intervention in economic and social affairs, prioritizing individual liberty and free markets, which can result in economic inequality and social stratification.

The Indian independence movement, led by Mahatma Gandhi, aimed to achieve political autonomy and self-governance for India, ending British colonial rule.

Cultural pluralism recognizes and values the diversity of cultural and ethnic identities within a society, promoting tolerance and understanding among different groups.

The Black Lives Matter movement aims to address systemic racism and police brutality, advocating for racial equality and justice for African Americans.

Socialism advocates for social equality, collective ownership of resources, and government intervention in the economy to promote social welfare and reduce economic inequality.

The Harlem Renaissance was a cultural movement that celebrated African American culture and identity through art, literature, music, and theater, promoting cultural pride and challenging racial stereotypes.

Cultural relativism emphasizes the importance of understanding cultural practices and beliefs within their own cultural context, recognizing that different cultures have different values and norms.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 aimed to end racial segregation in public places and employment, as well as to prohibit discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

Conservatism emphasizes the importance of tradition, social order, and national unity, advocating for limited government intervention in social and economic affairs and a strong sense of patriotism.