Madhava of Sangamagrama, a 14th-century mathematician, is widely recognized for his pioneering work on the concept of the derivative, laying the foundation for the development of calculus.

Madhava of Sangamagrama developed the Madhava Series, a series expansion method that approximates functions as an infinite sum of terms involving derivatives. This method is considered a precursor to the Taylor Series.

Bhaskara II, an 12th-century mathematician, made significant contributions to the study of the integral. His work on the quadrature formula and the calculation of areas and volumes laid the groundwork for the development of integral calculus.

Bhaskara II developed a method known as Bhaskara's Rule, which is a precursor to the Trapezoidal Rule. This method approximates the area under a curve by dividing it into trapezoids and summing their areas.

Aryabhata I, a 5th-century mathematician, is recognized for his work on infinite series. He developed methods for calculating the sums of certain infinite series, including arithmetic and geometric series.

Srinivasa Ramanujan, a 20th-century mathematician, developed the Ramanujan Series, a series expansion method that approximates functions as an infinite sum of terms involving derivatives and integrals.

Nilakantha Somayaji, a 15th-century mathematician, made significant contributions to the study of the limit. His work on the concept of the limit and the convergence of infinite series laid the foundation for the development of modern calculus.

Nilakantha Somayaji developed a method known as Nilakantha's Series, which is a series expansion method for approximating the value of pi. This method is considered a precursor to the Gregory Series.

Bhaskara II made significant contributions to the study of differential equations. He developed methods for solving certain types of differential equations, including linear and quadratic equations.

Bhaskara II developed a method known as Bhaskara's Method, which is a precursor to Euler's Method. This method is used to approximate the solution of a linear differential equation by using a series of successive approximations.

Srinivasa Ramanujan made significant contributions to the study of partial differential equations. He developed methods for solving certain types of partial differential equations, including the heat equation and the wave equation.

Srinivasa Ramanujan developed a method known as Ramanujan's Method, which is a precursor to the Method of Characteristics. This method is used to solve certain types of partial differential equations by transforming them into a system of ordinary differential equations.

Bhaskara II made significant contributions to the study of the calculus of variations. He developed methods for finding the extrema of functions, which laid the foundation for the development of the modern calculus of variations.

Bhaskara II developed a method known as Bhaskara's Method, which is a precursor to the Euler-Lagrange Equation. This method is used to find the extrema of functions by solving a system of differential equations.

Srinivasa Ramanujan made significant contributions to the study of the Laplace transform. He developed methods for using the Laplace transform to solve certain types of differential equations and integral equations.