Wide-angle lenses are characterized by their short focal length, which allows them to capture a wider field of view compared to lenses with longer focal lengths.

Wide-angle lenses typically have focal lengths ranging from 18mm to 35mm, although some ultra-wide-angle lenses can have focal lengths as short as 10mm or even less.

Wide-angle lenses tend to flatten the perspective in an image, making objects appear farther apart than they actually are. This effect is often used to create a sense of depth and spaciousness.

Wide-angle lenses are commonly used in landscape photography to capture expansive scenes, such as vast mountain ranges, sweeping coastlines, or cityscapes.

In architectural photography, wide-angle lenses are often used to compress the perspective, making tall buildings appear closer together and more imposing.

Wide-angle lenses generally provide a greater depth of field compared to lenses with longer focal lengths, allowing for more of the image to be in focus.

Wide-angle lenses can exhibit various optical distortions, including barrel distortion (straight lines appearing curved), vignetting (darkening of the corners of the image), and chromatic aberration (color fringing).

Barrel distortion in wide-angle lenses can be corrected using software tools, such as photo editing software or lens correction profiles in camera software.

Fisheye lenses are specialized wide-angle lenses that provide an extremely wide field of view, often up to 180 degrees or more.

Fisheye lenses produce a characteristic distortion known as 'fisheye distortion,' where straight lines appear curved and objects near the edges of the image are stretched.

Fisheye lenses are often used in action photography, such as skateboarding, surfing, or extreme sports, to create a dynamic and immersive perspective.

Tilt-shift lenses allow photographers to control the plane of focus and correct converging lines, which is particularly useful in architectural photography to prevent buildings from appearing to lean away from the camera.

Tilt-shift lenses have the unique ability to tilt and shift the lens plane, allowing photographers to control the perspective and correct converging lines.

Tilt-shift lenses are typically larger and heavier than standard lenses, can be more complex to operate, and are generally more expensive.

Wide-angle converter lenses are supplementary lenses that can be attached to the front of a standard lens to reduce the focal length and increase the field of view.