The Arthashastra, attributed to Kautilya or Chanakya, is an ancient Indian treatise on statecraft, economic policy, and military strategy. It is considered a foundational work of political thought in India.

Kautilya's political thought revolves around the concept of Artha, which refers to material prosperity, power, and political success. He believed that the primary goal of a ruler should be to achieve Artha through various means, including statecraft, economic policy, and military strategy.

Basavanna, a 12th-century social reformer and philosopher, emphasized the importance of social harmony and justice. He advocated for the eradication of caste distinctions and the establishment of a society based on equality and compassion.

Akbar's political thought was primarily focused on religious tolerance and the promotion of harmony among different religious communities. He implemented policies such as the Din-i Ilahi, which aimed to create a syncretic religion that incorporated elements from various faiths.

Bal Gangadhar Tilak, a prominent leader of the Indian National Congress, advocated for swaraj or self-rule for India. He believed that Indians should have the right to govern themselves and that British rule was unjust and oppressive.

Mahatma Gandhi's political thought was centered around the principle of non-violence or ahimsa. He believed that violence was never the solution to political problems and that conflicts should be resolved through peaceful means such as civil disobedience and satyagraha.

Sri Aurobindo, a philosopher and yogi, developed the concept of integral humanism. He believed that human beings should strive for a harmonious development of all aspects of their being, including the physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual.

B.R. Ambedkar, a Dalit leader and social reformer, focused on the issue of caste annihilation in his political thought. He believed that the caste system was a major obstacle to social justice and equality in India and advocated for its complete eradication.

J.P. Narayan, a socialist leader and activist, emphasized the importance of decentralization and grassroots democracy. He believed that power should be distributed to local communities and that people should have a direct say in decision-making processes.

Amartya Sen, an economist and philosopher, developed the concept of development as freedom. He argued that development should be seen as a process of expanding people's capabilities and freedoms, rather than simply increasing material wealth.

Vandana Shiva, an environmental activist and scholar, has focused on the concept of ecological democracy. She argues that democracy should be extended to the natural world and that humans have a responsibility to protect and preserve the environment.

Contemporary Indian political thought encompasses a wide range of concerns, including social justice, economic development, environmental sustainability, and cultural diversity. Thinkers and activists are engaging with these issues and proposing various approaches to address them.

The Bhagavad Gita, a part of the Mahabharata epic, discusses the concept of dharma and its role in statecraft. It emphasizes the importance of fulfilling one's duties and obligations, even in difficult circumstances.

Rabindranath Tagore's political thought centered around the concept of spiritual humanism. He believed that human beings have a spiritual essence that transcends national and cultural boundaries and that the goal of politics should be to promote human unity and cooperation.

Bal Gangadhar Tilak was a prominent leader of the Indian National Congress who advocated for the concept of 'swaraj' or self-rule. He believed that Indians should have the right to govern themselves and that British rule was unjust and oppressive.