In a monopoly, a single seller has substantial market power and can set prices independently, leading to a lack of competition.

In perfect competition, firms are price takers, meaning they must accept the market price. Thus, the quantity supplied increases as the price increases.

In an oligopoly, a few large firms control a significant portion of the market, resulting in strategic interactions and interdependence in their decision-making.

In monopolistic competition, firms differentiate their products through various means such as price, quality, advertising, and other product characteristics.

The HHI is a measure of market concentration, which indicates the level of competition in a market based on the relative sizes of firms.

Penetration pricing is a strategy where firms set prices below marginal cost to quickly gain market share and establish a strong customer base.

The Nash Equilibrium is a fundamental concept in game theory, representing a situation where no player can improve their outcome by unilaterally changing their strategy, given the strategies of the other players.

Antitrust laws aim to promote competition in markets by preventing anti-competitive practices, such as collusion, monopolization, and predatory pricing, to ensure fair competition and consumer welfare.

In a Bertrand duopoly, firms compete on price, leading to a price war where each firm continuously undercuts the other's price to gain market share.

Market power refers to a firm's ability to influence the market price of its product, allowing it to set prices above marginal cost and earn economic profits.

In a Cournot duopoly, firms compete on output, assuming that the other firm's output is fixed. Each firm chooses its output level to maximize its profit, given the output of the other firm.

Market structure analysis aims to identify market power, assess the level of competition, and evaluate market efficiency, providing insights into the behavior of firms and the overall functioning of the market.

In perfect competition, each firm is a price taker, meaning it faces a horizontal demand curve. This implies that the firm can sell any quantity it wants at the prevailing market price.

Price skimming is a pricing strategy where firms set a high initial price to capture early adopters who are willing to pay a premium for the product. Over time, the price is gradually lowered to attract more price-sensitive consumers.

In a Stackelberg duopoly, Firm A is the leader and Firm B is the follower. Firm A has the first-mover advantage, meaning it makes its output decision before Firm B. This allows Firm A to strategically influence the outcome of the game.