Language contact is the process by which two or more languages come into contact with each other, resulting in mutual influence.

Language change is the process by which a language changes over time, resulting in new forms and structures.

Language convergence is the process by which two or more languages become more similar to each other, resulting in shared features.

Language divergence is the process by which two or more languages become more different from each other, resulting in distinct features.

Language diffusion is the process by which a language spreads from one area to another, resulting in the adoption of that language by new speakers.

Language death is the process by which a language dies out, resulting in the loss of that language's speakers.

Language contact is the process by which two or more languages come into contact with each other, resulting in mutual influence.

Language borrowing is the process by which a language is influenced by another language in terms of its vocabulary, resulting in the adoption of words from that language.

Language calquing is the process by which a language is influenced by another language in terms of its grammar, resulting in the adoption of grammatical structures from that language.

Language sound change is the process by which a language is influenced by another language in terms of its pronunciation, resulting in changes in the way that words are pronounced.

Language semantic change is the process by which a language is influenced by another language in terms of its meaning, resulting in changes in the way that words are understood.

Language script change is the process by which a language is influenced by another language in terms of its writing system, resulting in the adoption of a new writing system.

Language cultural change is the process by which a language is influenced by another language in terms of its culture, resulting in changes in the way that language is used to express cultural concepts.

Language prestige change is the process by which a language is influenced by another language in terms of its social status, resulting in changes in the way that language is valued by its speakers.

Language policy change is the process by which a language is influenced by another language in terms of its political status, resulting in changes in the way that language is used in government and other official contexts.