Nitrogen is a primary macronutrient required by plants for growth and development. It is essential for the synthesis of proteins, nucleic acids, and chlorophyll.

Ammonia is the main source of nitrogen in fertilizers. It is a colorless gas with a pungent odor. Ammonia is produced naturally by bacteria and archaea, and it can also be synthesized artificially.

Nitrogen fertilizer can cause eutrophication, which is the process by which a body of water becomes enriched with nutrients, leading to excessive growth of algae and other aquatic plants. This can result in a decrease in water quality and a decline in biodiversity.

Nitrogen fertilizer can acidify the soil, which can lead to a decrease in soil fertility and a decline in crop yields. Acidification can also release toxic metals into the environment.

Nitrogen fertilizer can contaminate drinking water with nitrates, which can cause a variety of health problems, including blue baby syndrome and gastrointestinal problems. Nitrates can also be converted to nitrites, which can react with hemoglobin to form methemoglobin, which can lead to oxygen deprivation.

Calcium is a secondary macronutrient required by plants for growth and development. It is essential for cell division, cell wall formation, and the development of reproductive structures.

Rock phosphate is the main source of phosphorus in fertilizers. It is a naturally occurring mineral that contains a high concentration of phosphorus. Rock phosphate is mined and processed to produce various types of phosphorus fertilizers.

Phosphorus fertilizer can cause eutrophication, which is the process by which a body of water becomes enriched with nutrients, leading to excessive growth of algae and other aquatic plants. This can result in a decrease in water quality and a decline in biodiversity.

Phosphorus fertilizer can increase the salinity of the soil, which can lead to a decrease in soil fertility and a decline in crop yields. Salinity can also cause soil erosion and desertification.

Phosphorus fertilizer can contaminate drinking water with phosphates, which can cause a variety of health problems, including kidney stones and cardiovascular disease. Phosphates can also contribute to the formation of disinfection byproducts, which have been linked to cancer.

Boron is a micronutrient required by plants for growth and development. It is essential for cell wall formation, pollen germination, and the development of reproductive structures.

Potassium chloride is the main source of potassium in fertilizers. It is a naturally occurring mineral that contains a high concentration of potassium. Potassium chloride is mined and processed to produce various types of potassium fertilizers.

Potassium fertilizer can contaminate groundwater with potassium, which can lead to a variety of health problems, including kidney stones and cardiovascular disease. Potassium can also contribute to the formation of disinfection byproducts, which have been linked to cancer.

Potassium fertilizer can increase the salinity of the soil, which can lead to a decrease in soil fertility and a decline in crop yields. Salinity can also cause soil erosion and desertification.

Potassium fertilizer can contaminate drinking water with potassium, which can lead to a variety of health problems, including kidney stones and cardiovascular disease. Potassium can also contribute to the formation of disinfection byproducts, which have been linked to cancer.