Cavitation occurs when the pressure of a liquid falls below its vapor pressure, causing the liquid to vaporize and form vapor bubbles.

Cavitation is primarily caused by a combination of high fluid velocity and low fluid pressure. When the fluid velocity is high, it creates a region of low pressure, which can cause the liquid to vaporize and form vapor bubbles.

Cavitation can lead to erosion of solid surfaces, noise and vibration, and loss of efficiency. Erosion occurs when the vapor bubbles collapse and implode, creating shock waves that can damage solid surfaces. Noise and vibration are caused by the collapse of vapor bubbles, while loss of efficiency occurs due to the presence of vapor bubbles in the liquid, which can disrupt the flow and reduce the efficiency of the system.

Cavitation can be prevented by increasing the fluid pressure, decreasing the fluid velocity, and using cavitation-resistant materials. Increasing the fluid pressure reduces the likelihood of cavitation by increasing the vapor pressure of the liquid. Decreasing the fluid velocity reduces the pressure drop and the formation of vapor bubbles. Cavitation-resistant materials are designed to withstand the effects of cavitation and minimize erosion.

Cavitation is most likely to occur in centrifugal pumps and axial flow pumps because these pumps create regions of low pressure due to their high fluid velocities. Positive displacement pumps, on the other hand, do not create regions of low pressure and are less prone to cavitation.

NPSH (Net Positive Suction Head) is the difference between the pressure at the pump inlet and the vapor pressure of the liquid. A higher NPSH value indicates that the pump is less likely to experience cavitation.

The cavitation number is the ratio of the NPSH to the dynamic head of the pump. It is a dimensionless number that is used to predict the likelihood of cavitation in a pump.

The lower the cavitation number, the higher the likelihood of cavitation. This is because a lower cavitation number indicates that the NPSH is low relative to the dynamic head of the pump, which increases the risk of cavitation.

Cavitation has a variety of applications, including cleaning and degreasing, emulsification and mixing, and material processing. In cleaning and degreasing, cavitation is used to remove dirt and grease from surfaces. In emulsification and mixing, cavitation is used to create emulsions and dispersions. In material processing, cavitation is used to cut, grind, and polish materials.

Cavitation occurs at a lower pressure than boiling. This is because cavitation is caused by a decrease in pressure, while boiling is caused by an increase in temperature.

Dissolved gases promote cavitation because they can form vapor bubbles more easily than the liquid itself. When the pressure of the liquid decreases, the dissolved gases come out of solution and form vapor bubbles, which can then grow and collapse, causing cavitation.

Increasing the temperature increases the likelihood of cavitation because it increases the vapor pressure of the liquid. As the vapor pressure increases, the liquid is more likely to vaporize and form vapor bubbles, which can then grow and collapse, causing cavitation.

Increasing the surface roughness increases the likelihood of cavitation because it provides nucleation sites for the formation of vapor bubbles. Rough surfaces have more irregularities and imperfections, which can trap air and create bubbles. These bubbles can then grow and collapse, causing cavitation.

Increasing the fluid viscosity decreases the likelihood of cavitation because it makes it more difficult for vapor bubbles to grow and collapse. Viscous fluids resist flow, which reduces the velocity of the fluid and the pressure drop. This makes it less likely for cavitation to occur.

Increasing the fluid elasticity decreases the likelihood of cavitation because it makes it more difficult for vapor bubbles to grow and collapse. Elastic fluids have the ability to store energy, which can be used to absorb the energy of the collapsing vapor bubbles. This reduces the damage caused by cavitation and makes it less likely to occur.