TIFR is a premier research institute in India that has made significant contributions to the study of dark energy through its theoretical and observational research.

Dr. Padmanabhan is a renowned Indian physicist and cosmologist who has made significant contributions to the study of dark energy, including his work on modified theories of gravity and the holographic principle.

AstroSat is a multi-wavelength space observatory launched by ISRO in 2015, which includes instruments designed to study dark energy and other astrophysical phenomena.

GMRT is a radio telescope located in Pune, India, which has been used for observations of distant galaxies and quasars to study the expansion history of the universe and constrain dark energy models.

Indian institutions primarily use observational cosmology, involving the study of distant galaxies, supernovae, and other cosmic objects, to gather data and infer the properties of dark energy.

IIA is a partner in the international DES collaboration, which aims to study dark energy through observations of distant galaxies and supernovae.

IDEI is a collaborative effort involving several Indian institutions and scientists, aimed at advancing research and understanding of dark energy.

TIFR has made significant contributions to the study of modified theories of gravity, which propose alternatives to General Relativity to explain the observed acceleration of the universe's expansion.

Dr. Narlikar is known for his work on the entropic force theory, which suggests that dark energy is a consequence of the statistical behavior of matter and energy in the universe.

IIA is a partner in the international Euclid mission, which will use weak gravitational lensing and other techniques to study the properties of dark energy and dark matter.

Dr. Padmanabhan has explored the holographic principle, which suggests that the information content of the universe is finite and may be related to the nature of dark energy.

NCRA is a partner in the international SKA project, which will be one of the world's largest radio telescopes and will be used to study dark energy, cosmology, and other astrophysical topics.

Dr. Padmanabhan has explored the braneworld scenario, which proposes that our universe is a three-dimensional brane embedded in a higher-dimensional spacetime, and its implications for dark energy.

IIA is a partner in the international DESI project, which will use a spectrograph on the Mayall telescope in Arizona to study the properties of dark energy and the evolution of the universe.