John Bowlby, a British psychologist, developed the attachment theory, highlighting the significance of early childhood experiences in shaping an individual's ability to form close and secure relationships.

In attachment theory, attachment behaviors serve primarily to establish a sense of security and comfort in infants, promoting their emotional well-being and sense of safety.

Secure attachment is characterized by a child's consistent seeking of closeness and comfort from their caregiver, even in stressful situations. This style reflects a strong sense of trust and security in the caregiver-child relationship.

Bonding refers to the process by which infants and caregivers develop a reciprocal and emotional bond, characterized by mutual affection and responsiveness. This process is crucial for the infant's emotional and social development.

Oxytocin, often referred to as the 'love hormone,' is primarily responsible for promoting bonding between mothers and their infants. It plays a crucial role in facilitating maternal caregiving behaviors and emotional attachment.

Attachment preference refers to the phenomenon where infants show a preference for their primary caregiver over other individuals. This preference typically develops around 6-8 months of age and reflects the infant's growing sense of attachment to their caregiver.

Avoidant attachment is characterized by a child's tendency to avoid seeking comfort from their caregiver, even when distressed. This style often reflects a lack of trust and security in the caregiver-child relationship.

Separation anxiety refers to the intense distress and anxiety experienced by infants when separated from their primary caregiver. This anxiety typically peaks around 8-12 months of age and reflects the infant's growing awareness of their dependence on their caregiver.

Ambivalent attachment is characterized by a child's inconsistent behavior towards their caregiver, alternating between seeking closeness and pushing them away. This style often reflects a child's uncertainty about the caregiver's availability and responsiveness.

Disorganized attachment is characterized by a child's disorganized and unpredictable behavior towards their caregiver. This style often reflects a history of neglect, abuse, or trauma in the caregiver-child relationship.

Early childhood experiences, particularly the quality of the caregiver-child relationship, are considered to be the most influential factor in shaping an individual's attachment style.

Socialization refers to the process by which individuals develop a sense of self and identity based on their interactions with others. This process involves learning cultural norms, values, and behaviors, as well as developing a sense of belonging and social competence.

Secure attachment is characterized by a child's ability to explore their environment while maintaining a secure base in their caregiver. This style reflects a child's trust in their caregiver's availability and responsiveness, allowing them to feel safe and secure enough to explore their surroundings.

Social referencing refers to the phenomenon where infants imitate the facial expressions and behaviors of their caregivers. This behavior serves as a way for infants to learn about their environment and regulate their own emotions by looking to their caregivers for cues on how to respond to different situations.

Ambivalent attachment is characterized by a child's tendency to be clingy and overly dependent on their caregiver. This style often reflects a child's uncertainty about the caregiver's availability and responsiveness, leading them to seek constant reassurance and closeness.